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Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks

Biochemical and Spatio-Temporal Aspects

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Radiation Damage in Biomolecular Systems

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

Abstract

The genetic information of cells continuously undergoes damage induced by intracellular processes including energy metabolism, DNA replication and transcription, and by environmental factors such as mutagenic chemicals and UV and ionizing radiation. This causes numerous DNA lesions, including double strand breaks (DSBs). Since cells cannot escape this damage or normally function with a damaged genome, several DNA repair mechanisms have evolved. Although most “single-stranded” DNA lesions are rapidly removed from DNA without permanent damage, DSBs completely break the DNA molecule, presenting a real challenge for repair mechanisms, with the highest risk among DNA lesions of incorrect repair. Hence, DSBs can have serious consequences for human health. Therefore, in this chapter, we will refer only to this type of DNA damage. In addition to the biochemical aspects of DSB repair, which have been extensively studied over a long period of time, the spatio-temporal organization of DSB induction and repair, the importance of which was recognized only recently, will be considered in terms of current knowledge and remaining questions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    the function of MRN as a DSB sensor (53; 66; 93) is also hardly conceivable if only 15% of DSBs require MRN for their repair (even thought MRN colocalizes with DSBs in general)

  2. 2.

    however it should be kept on mind that not all individual foci of repair proteins necessarily colocalize with γH2AX and represent DSBs (199)

  3. 3.

    frequently induced by (densely) ionizing IR

  4. 4.

    since epigenetic “mutations” (like persisting γH2AX phosphorylation) may affect megabase-large chromatin domains

  5. 5.

    except translocations

  6. 6.

    Multiple complex DSBs introduced into DNA by densely ionizing radiation (229; 230) also require additional extensive processing of damaged DNA ends as compared to repair of simple DSBs induced by low-LET IR (231; 232; 233). Both higher-order chromatin structure and DSB characteristics thus may determine individual steps of the repair mechanism

  7. 7.

    provoked either by DSB induction or repair

  8. 8.

    due to the global higher-order chromatin structure

  9. 9.

    of similar molecular sizes or nuclear volumes

  10. 10.

    and not misinterpreted as euchromatic

  11. 11.

    but not simply its compactness

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Acknowledgments

Supported by the IAA500040802 project of the Grant Agency of CR

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    Martin Falk, Emilie Lukasova & Stanislav Kozubek

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Falk, M., Lukasova, E., Kozubek, S. (2012). Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks. In: García Gómez-Tejedor, G., Fuss, M. (eds) Radiation Damage in Biomolecular Systems. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2564-5_20

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