Skip to main content

Nutrients

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1171 Accesses

Abstract

Carbohydrates have not been intensively investigated in epidemiological studies of diet and cancer. According to a recent review, the available data on carbohydrates and other cancers than colorectal cancer are too sparse to draw even tentative conclusions [1]. The issue deserves a separate analysis in relation to breast cancer (BC) and that is the reason of this next part of the present chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Key TJ, Spencer EA (2007) Carbohydrates and cancer: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(Suppl 1):S112–S121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hems G (1978) The contributions of diet and childbearing to breast-cancer rates. Br J Cancer 37(6):974–982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Katsouyanni K, Trichopoulous A, Stuver S et al (1994) The association of fat and other macronutrients with breast cancer: a case-control study from Greece. Br J Cancer 70:537–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Rohan TE, McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA (1988) A population-based case-control study of diet and breast cancer in Australia. Am J Epidemiol 128:478–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Franceschi S, Favero A, Decarli A et al (1996) Intake of macronutrients and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 347:1351–1356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Iscovich J, Iscovich R, Howe J et al (1989) A case-control study of diet and breast cancer in Argentina. Int J Cancer 44:770–777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM et al (1993) Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 4:29–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Van’t Veer P, Kalb CM, Verhoef P et al (1990) Dietary fiber, beta-carotene and breast cancer: results from a case-control study. Int J Cancer 45:825–828

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC et al (2009) Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Am J Clin Nutr 89(4):1145–1154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nielsen TG, Olsen A, Christensen J et al (2005) Dietary carbohydrate intake is not associated with the breast cancer incidence rate ratio in postmenopausal Danish women. J Nutr 135(1):124–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J et al (1992) Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in a New York State cohort. Am J Epidemiol 136:1327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ et al (1992) Dietary fat and fiber to relation to risk of breast cancer: an eight year follow-up. JAMA 268:2037–2044

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG et al (1990) Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:561–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zaridze D, Lifanova Y, Maximovitch D et al (1991) Diet, alcohol consumption and reproductive factors in a case-control study of breast cancer in Moscow. Int J Cancer 48:493–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yuan JM, Wang Q, Ross RK et al (1995) Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. Br J Cancer 71:1353–1358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE et al (1996) Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:340–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sonestedt E, Borgquist S, Ericson U et al (2008) Plant foods and oestrogen receptor alpha- and beta-defined breast cancer: observations from the malmo diet and cancer cohort. Carcinogenesis 29(11):2203–2209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cade JE, Burley VJ, Greenwood DC et al (2007) Dietary fibre and risk of breast cancer in the UK women’s cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 36(2):431–438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. De Stéfani E, Correa P, Ronco A et al (1997) Dietary fiber and risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 28:14–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen LA, Kendall ME, Zang E et al (1991) Modulation of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor promotion by dietary fiber and fat. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:496–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Adlercreutz H (2010) Can rye intake decrease risk of human breast cancer? Food Nutr Res 54:5231. doi:DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5231

    Google Scholar 

  22. Goldin BR, Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL et al (1982) Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med 307:1542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Stoll BA (1996) Nutrition and breast cancer risk: can an effect via insulin resistance be demonstrated? Breast Cancer Res Treat 38:239–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Franceschi S, Favero A, La Vecchia C et al (1995) Influence of food groups and food diversity on breast cancer risk in Italy. Int J Cancer 63(6):785–789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Katsouyanni K, Willett W, Trichopoulos D et al (1988) Risk of breast cancer among Greek women in relation to nutrient intake. Cancer 61:181–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ewertz M, Gill C (1990) Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Denmark. Int J Cancer 46:779–784

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Seely S, Horrobin DF (1983) Diet and breast cancer: the possible connection with sugar consumption. Med Hypotheses 11(3):319–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bruning PF, Bonfrer JMG, Hart AAM et al (1992) Body measurements, estrogen availability and the risk of human breast cancer: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 51:14–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kazer RR (1995) Insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor I and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Int J Cancer 62(4):403–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Luceri C, Caderni G, Lodovici M et al (1996) Urinary excretion of sucrose and fructose as a predictor of sucrose intake in dietary intervention studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5(3):167–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C et al (2001) Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Ann Oncol 12(11):1533–1538

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lajous M, Willett W, Lazcano-Ponce E et al (2005) Glycemic load, glycemic index, and the risk of breast cancer among Mexican women. Cancer Causes Control 16(10):1165–1169

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tavani A, Giordano L, Gallus S et al (2006) Consumption of sweet foods and breast cancer risk in Italy. Ann Oncol 17(2):341–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Jonas CR, McCullough ML, Teras LR et al (2003) Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of incident breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(6):573–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Holmes MD, Liu S, Hankinson SE et al (2004) Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 159(8):732–739

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Giles GG, Simpson JA, English DR et al (2006) Dietary carbohydrate, fibre, glycaemic index, glycaemic load and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 118(7):1843–1847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Higginbotham S, Zhang ZF, Lee IM et al (2004) Dietary glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the women’s health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(1):65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Silvera SA, Jain M, Howe GR et al (2005) Dietary carbohydrates and breast cancer risk: a prospective study of the roles of overall glycemic index and glycemic load. Int J Cancer 114(4):653–658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ et al (2003) Premenopausal dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(11 Pt 1):1153–1158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Tannenbaum A (1942) Genesis and growth of tumors. III. Effects of a high-fat diet. Cancer Res 2:468–475

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Armstrong B, Doll R (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15:617–631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hursting S, Thornquist M, Henderson M (1990) Types of dietary fat and the incidence of cancer at 5 sites. Prev Med 19:242–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Knekt P, Albanes D, Seppanen R et al (1990) Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 52:903–908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Toniolo P, Riboli E, Shore RE et al (1994) Consumption of meat, animal products protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer – a prospective cohort study in New York. Epidemiology 5:391–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami HO et al (1996) Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer – a pooled analysis. N Engl J Med 334:356–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Velie E, Kulldorff M, Schairer C et al (2000) Dietary fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:833–839

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Byrne C, Rockett H, Holmes MD (2002) Dietary fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer risk: lack of an association among postmenopausal women with no history of benign breast disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:261–265

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim EH, Willett WC, Colditz GA et al (2006) Dietary fat and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a 20-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 164:990–997

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lof M, Sandin S, Lagiou P et al (2007) Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the Swedish women’s lifestyle and health cohort. Br J Cancer 97:1570–1576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Holmberg L, Ohlander EM, Byers T et al (1994) Diet and breast cancer risk: results from a population-based, case-control study in Sweden. Arch Intern Med 154:1805–1811

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Parazzini F et al (1987) General epidemiology of breast cancer in Northern Italy. Int J Epidemiol 16:347–355

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C et al (1993) Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Nutr Cancer 19:327–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Boyd NF, Martin L, Noffel M et al (1993) A metaanalysis of studies of dietary-fat and breast-cancer risk. Br J Cancer 68:267–275

    Google Scholar 

  54. Boyd NF, Stone J, Vogt KN et al (2003) Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Br J Cancer 89:1672–1685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sieri S, Krogh V, Ferrari P et al (2008) Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 88(5):1304–1312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ et al (2010) Summary and meta-analysis of prospective studies of animal fat intake and breast cancer. Nutr Res Rev 23(1):169–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wu AH (2000) Diet and breast carcinoma in multiethnic populations. Cancer 88(Suppl 5):1239–1244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rl P, Kakar F, Hursting S et al (1988) Aspects of the rationale for the women’s health trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:802–814

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hirayama T (1978) Epidemiology of breast cancer with special reference to the role of diet. Prev Med 7:173–195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Aoki K, Hayakawa N, Kurihara M et al (1992) Death rates for malignant neoplasms for selected sites by sex and 5-year age group in 33 countries 1953–57 to 1983–87. UICC, Univ. of Nagoya Coop Press, Nagoya

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ip C, Chin SF, Scimeca JA et al (1991) Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid. Cancer 51:6118–6124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Welsch CW (1992) Relationship between dietary fat and experimental mammary tumorigenesis: a review and critique. Cancer Res 52(Suppl 7):2040s–2048s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ronco AL, De Stéfani E, Stoll M (2010) Hormonal and metabolic modulation through nutrition: towards a primary prevention of breast cancer. Breast 19:322–332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Woods MN, Gorbach SL, Longcope C et al (1989) Low-fat, high-fiber diet and serum estrone sulfate in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 49:1179–1183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hirohata T, Nomura AMY, Hankin JH et al (1987) An epidemiological study on the association between diet and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:595–600

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lubin JH, Burns PE, Blot WJ et al (1981) Dietary factors and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 28:685–689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Richardson S, Gerber M, Cenee S (1991) The role of fat, animal protein and some vitamin consumption in breast cancer: a case-control study in Southern France. Int J Cancer 48:1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gonzalez CA, Riboli E (2010) Diet and cancer prevention: contributions from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Eur J Cancer 46(14):2555–2562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Thiebaut AC, Kipnis V, Chang SC et al (2007) Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the National Institutes of health–AARP diet and health study cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:451–462

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D et al (1998) A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 158:41–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Holmes MD, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA et al (1999) Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer. JAMA 281:914–920

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Voorrips LE, Brants HA, Kardinaal AF et al (2002) Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 76:873–882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rose DP, Boyar AP, Wynder EL (1986) International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption. Cancer 58:2263–2271

    Google Scholar 

  74. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S et al (1995) Olive oil, other dietary fats, and the risk of breast cancer (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 6(6):545–550

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Martin-Moreno JM, Willett W, Gorgojo L et al (1994) Dietary fat, olive oil intake and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 58:774–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Trichopoulos A, Katsouyanni K, Stuver S et al (1995) Consumption of olive oil and specific food groups in relation to breast cancer risk in Greece. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:110–116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Welsch CW (1994) Interrelationship between dietary lipids and calories and experimental mammary gland tumorigenesis. Cancer 74(Suppl):1055–1062

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mamalakis G, Hatzis C, de Bree E et al (2009) Adipose tissue fatty acids in breast cancer patients versus healthy control women from Crete. Ann Nutr Metab 54(4):275–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Newmark HL (1999) Squalene, olive oil, and cancer risk. In: Bradlow HL, Fishman J, Osborne MP (eds) Cancer prevention: novel nutrients and pharmaceutical developments, vol 889. Annals of the NewYork Academy Science, New York, pp 193–203

    Google Scholar 

  80. Simonsen N, Fernandez-Crehuet J, Martin-Moreno J et al (1997) Tissue stores of individual monounsaturated fats and breast cancer. FASEB J 11:A578

    Google Scholar 

  81. Becker R (1989) Preparation, composition and nutritional implications of amaranth seed oil. Cereal Foods World 34:950–953

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ck L, Ahrens EH, Schreibman H et al (1976) Measurement of squalene in human tissues and plasma: validation and application. J Lipid Res 17:38–45

    Google Scholar 

  83. Mathews J (1992) Sharks still intrigue cancer researchers. News report. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1000–1002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Newmark HL (1997) Squalene, olive oil, and cancer risk: a review and hypothesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:1101–1103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Newmark HL (1999) Squalene, olive oil, and cancer risk. In: Bradlow HL, Fishman J, Osborne MP (eds) Cancer prevention: novel nutrients and pharmaceutical developments, vol 889. Annals of the New York Academy Science, New York, pp 193–203

    Google Scholar 

  86. Maillard V, Bougnoux P, Ferrari P et al (2002) N-3 and N-6 fatty acids in breast adipose tissue and relative risk of breast cancer in a case-control study in Tours, France. Int J Cancer 98(1):78–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bagga D, Anders KH, Wang HJ et al (2002) Long-chain n-3-to-n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in breast adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 42(2):180–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Parpinel M et al (2003) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland. Int J Cancer 105(1):113–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Goodstine SL, Zheng T, Holford TR et al (2003) Dietary (n-3)/(n-6) fatty acid ratio: possible relationship to premenopausal but not postmenopausal breast cancer risk in U.S. women. J Nutr 133(5):1409–1414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gago-Dominguez M, Yuan JM, Sun CL et al (2003) Opposing effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on mammary carcinogenesis: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Br J Cancer 89(9):1686–1692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Engeset D, Alsaker E, Lund E et al (2006) Fish consumption and breast cancer risk. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 119(1):175–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA et al (2006) Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review. JAMA 295(4):403–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Murff HJ, Shu XO, Li H et al (2011) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in Chinese women: a prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 128(6):1434–1441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. De Stéfani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Mendilaharsu M et al (1998) Essential fatty acids and breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Int J Cancer 76:491–494

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ronco A, De Stéfani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H (2006) Polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. In: XIV World Congress on breast diseases, Zagreb, Croatia, May 18–21st 2006

    Google Scholar 

  96. Landa MC, Frago N, Tres A (1994) Diet and the risk of breast cancer in Spain. Eur J Cancer Prev 3:313–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Menendez JA, Vazquez-Martin A, Ropero S et al (2006) HER2 (erbB-2)-targeted effects of the omega-3 polyunsaturated. Fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) in breast cancer cells: the “fat features” of the “Mediterranean diet” as an “anti-HER2 cocktail”. Clin Transl Oncol 8(11):812–820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB et al (2005) Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr 135(3):562–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kohlmeier L (1997) Biomarkers of fatty acid exposure and breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 66(6 Suppl):1548S–1556S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kohlmeier L, Simonsen N, van ‘t Veer P et al (1997) Adipose tissue trans fatty acids and breast cancer in the European Community Multicenter study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction, and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6(9):705–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. World Cancer Research Fund (1997) Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC, pp 252–287

    Google Scholar 

  102. Tamburrini AL, Woolcott CG, Boyd NF et al (2011) Associations between mammographic density and serum and dietary cholesterol. Breast Cancer Res Treat 125(1):181–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Llaverias G, Danilo C, Mercier I et al (2011) Role of cholesterol in the development and progression of breast cancer. Am J Pathol 178(1):402–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lappano R, Recchia AG, De Francesco EM et al (2011) The cholesterol metabolite 25-Hydroxycholesterol activates estrogen receptor α-mediated signaling in cancer cells and in cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 6(1):e16631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Chen J, Campbell TC, Li J et al (1990) Diet, lifestyle and mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford Univ.Press/People’s Medical Publishing House, Oxford/Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  106. Goodman MT, Nomura AMY, Wilkens LR et al (1992) The association of diet, obesity and breast cancer in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1:269–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hawrylewicz EJ (1986) Fat-protein interaction, defined 2-generation studies. In: Ip C, Birt DF, Rogers AE (eds) Dietary fats and cancer, vol 222. Progress in clinical and biological research, Alan Liss Inc, New York, pp 403–434

    Google Scholar 

  108. Huang HH, Hawrylewicz EJ, Kissane JQ et al (1982) Effect of protein diet on release of prolactin and ovarian steroids in female rats. Nutr Rpts Int 26:807–820

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Toniolo P, Riboli E, Protta F et al (1989) Calorie-providing nutrients and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:278–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW et al (1991) Dietary effects on breast cancer risk in Singapore. Lancet 337:1197–1200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alvaro Luis Ronco .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ronco, A.L., De Stéfani, E. (2012). Nutrients. In: Nutritional Epidemiology of Breast Cancer. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2397-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics