Abstract
Educational transitions and the transition from school to working life present substantial challenges for youth in modern societies. This chapter presents results from two longitudinal studies, the FinEdu study and Helsinki Longitudinal Student Study (HELS), in which young people were followed for several years during critical educational transitions. These longitudinal studies focus on how engagement and burnout change and what role these two factors play during transitions, as well as investigating the effect of motivation and the strategies young people apply during their studies. The FinEdu study presents findings on how young people navigate their educational transitions from comprehensive school to upper-secondary education and further education, whereas the HELS study shows how young people navigate their university studies and the related transition to working life.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderman, E. M., Maehr, M. L., & Martin, L. (1994). Motivation and schooling in the middle grades. Review of Educational Research, 64(2), 287–309.
Anderman, L. H., & Midgley, C. (1998). Motivation and middle school students [ERIC digest]. Champaign, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1992). Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 989–1003.
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work and Stress, 22(3), 187–200.
Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366–380.
Barone, C., Aquirre-Deandreis, A. I., & Trickett, E. J. (1991). Means-end problem-solving skills, life stress, and social support as mediators of adjustment in the normative transition to high school. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19(2), 207–225.
Brandtstädter, J. (1984). Personal and social control over development: Some implications of an action perspective in life-span developmental psychology. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 1–32). New York: Academic.
Brandtstädter, J. (1989). Personal self-regulation of development. Cross sequential analyses of development-related control beliefs and emotions. Developmental Psychology, 25, 96–108.
Brandtstädter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5(1), 58–67.
Butkowski, L. S., & Willows, D. M. (1980). Cognitive motivational characteristics of children varying in reading ability: Evidence for learned helplessness in poor readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 408–422.
Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior. “Having” and “doing” in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist, 72, 408–422.
Chang, E. C., Rand, K. L., & Strunk, D. R. (2000). Optimism and risk for job burnout among working college students: Stress as a mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(2), 255–263.
Cole, D. A., Peeke, L., Dolezal, S., Murray, N., & Canzoniero, A. (1999). A longitudinal study of negative affect and self-perceived competence in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 851–862.
Coleman, J., & Hoffer, T. (1987). Public and private schools: The impacts of communities. New York: Basic Books.
Crystal, D. S., Chen, C., Fuligni, A. J., Stevenson, H. W., Hau, C.-C., Ko, H.-J., et al. (1994). Psychological maladjustment and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study of Japanese, Chinese, and American high school students. Child Development, 65, 738–753.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109–134.
Deppe, R. K., & Harackiewics, J. M. (1996). Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation: Buffering intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 868–876.
Diener, C. I., & Dweck, C. S. (1978). An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 451–462.
Dwyer, C. A., & Johnson, L. M. (1997). Grades, accomplishments, and correlates. In W. W. Willingham & N. S. Cole (Eds.), Gender and fair assessment (pp. 127–156). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Eccles, J. S. (2004). Schools, academic motivation, and stage-environment fit. In R. M. Lerner & L. D. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 125–153). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Eccles, J. S. (2007). Families, schools, and developing achievement-related motivations and engagement. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 665–691). New York: The Guilford Press.
Eccles, J. S., & Midgley, C. (1989). Stage/environment fit: Developmentally appropriate classrooms for early adolescents. In R. E. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 3, pp. 139–186). New York: Academic.
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, W. D., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flannigan, C., et al. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in school and in families. American Psychologist, 48, 90–101.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewics, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meditational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461–475.
Entwisle, D. R. (1990). Schools and the adolescent. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 197–224). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Eronen, S., Nurmi, J.-E., & Salmela-Aro, K. (1998). Optimistic, defensive-pessimistic, impulsive and self-handicapping strategies in university environments. Learning and Instruction, 8(2), 159–177.
Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59, 117–142.
Fuligni, A. J., Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1995). The long-term effects of seventh-grade ability grouping in mathematics [Special issue]. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15(1), 58–89.
Galloway, D., Leo, E. L., Rogers, C., & Armstrong, D. (1995). Motivational styles in English and mathematics among children identified as having special educational needs. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 477–487.
Gerard, J. M., & Buehler, C. (2004). Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: The role of youth attributes. Child Development, 75, 1832–1849.
Graham, S., & Golen, S. (1991). Motivational influences on cognition: Task involvement, ego involvement, and depth of information processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 187–194.
Haase, C. M., Heckhausen, J., & Köller, O. (2008). Goal engagement during the school-work transition: Beneficial for all, particularly for girls. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(4), 671–698.
Hakanen, J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands-resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work and Stress, 22(3), 224–241.
Harackiewics, J. M., Barron, K., Carter, S., Lehto, A., & Elliot, A. (1997). Predictors and consequences of achievement goals in the college classroom: Maintaining interest and making the grade. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1285–1295.
Harter, S. (1996). Teacher and classmate influences on scholastic motivation, self-esteem, and level of voice in adolescents. In J. Juvonen & K. R. Wentzel (Eds.), Social motivation: Understanding children’s school adjustment (pp. 11–42). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Heckhausen, J., & Tomasik, M. J. (2002). Get an apprenticeship before school is out: How German adolescents adjust vocational aspirations when getting close to a developmental deadline. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 199–219.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W. (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16(3), 400–413.
Higgins, R. L., & Berglas, S. (1990). The maintenance and treatment of self-handicapping. In R. L. Higgins, C. R. Snyder, & S. Berglas (Eds.), Self-handicapping. The paradox that isn’t (pp. 187–238). New York: Plenum Press.
Hokoda, A. J., & Fincham, F. D. (1995). Origins of children’s helpless and mastery achievement patterns in the family. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 375–385.
Isakson, K., & Jarvis, P. (1999). The adjustment of adolescents during the transition into high school: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(1), 1–26.
Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action [Special issue]. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 597–605.
Johnson, E. A. (1995). Self-deceptive coping: Adaptive only in ambiguous contexts. Journal of Personality, 63, 759–791.
Jones, E. E., & Berglas, S. (1978). Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(2), 200–206.
Kasen, S., Johnson, J., & Cohen, P. (1990). The impact of school emotional climate on student psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 165–177.
Kliewer, W. (1991). Coping in middle childhood: Relations to competence, type A behavior, monitoring, blunting, and locus of control. Developmental Psychology, 27, 689–697.
Lay, C. H., Knish, S., & Zamatta, R. (1992). Self-handicappers and procrastinators: A comparison of their practice behavior prior to evaluation. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 242–257.
Leadbeater, B. J., Blatt, S. J., & Quinlan, D. M. (1995). Gender-linked vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms, stress, and problem behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(1), 1–29.
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(1), 3–20.
Leiter, M. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(2), 123–144.
Maehr, M. L., & Midgley, C. (1996). Transforming school cultures. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2004). Self-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 556–575.
Mantzicopoulos, P. (1990). Coping with school failure: Characteristics of students employing successful and unsuccessful coping strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 27, 138–143.
Marsh, H. W., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., Baumert, J., & Köller, O. (2007). The big-fish-little-pond effect: Persistent negative effects of selective high schools on self-concept after graduation. American Educational Research Journal, 44, 631–669.
Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 1–36.
Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 617–628.
Masi, G., Sbrana, N. B., Poli, P., Tomaiuolo, F., Favilla, L., & Marchesechi, M. (2000). Depression and school functioning in non-referred adolescents: A pilot study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 30, 161–171.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422.
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., & Ruokolainen, M. (2007). Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 149–171.
Midgley, C., Arunkumar, R., & Urdan, T. (1996). “If I don’t do well tomorrow, there’s a reason”: Predictors of adolescent’s use of academic self-handicapping strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 423–434.
Miller, S. M. (1987). Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 343–345.
Mitchell, G., & Hastings, R. P. (2001). Coping, burnout, and emotion in staff working in community services for people with challenging behaviors. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 448–459.
Murberg, T. A., & Bru, E. (2004). School-related stress and psychosomatic symptoms among Norwegian adolescents. School Psychology International, 25, 317–332.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443.
Nurmi, J.-E. (1993). Self-handicapping and a failure-trap strategy: A cognitive approach to problem behavior and delinquency. Psychiatria Fennica, 24, 75–85.
Nurmi, J.-E., Aunola, K., Salmela-Aro, K., & Lindroos, M. (2003). The roles of success expectation and task-avoidance in academic achievement and satisfaction: Three studies on antecedents, consequences and correlates. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 59–90.
Nurmi, J.-E., Onatsu, T., & Haavisto, T. (1995). Underachievers’ cognitive and behavioral strategies – Self-handicapping at school. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20, 188–200.
Nurmi, J.-E., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2002). Goal construction, reconstruction and depressive symptoms in a life-span context: The transition from school to work. Journal of Personality, 70, 385–420.
Nurmi, J.-E., Salmela-Aro, K., & Ruotsalainen, H. (1994). Cognitive and attributional strategies among unemployed young adults: A case of the failure-trap strategy. European Journal of Personality, 8(2), 135–148.
Onatsu-Arvilommi, T., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2000). The role of task-avoidant and task-focused behaviors in the development of reading and mathematical skills during the first school year: A cross-lagged longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 478–491.
Owings, J., & Peng, S. (1992). Transitions experienced by 1988 eight graders. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Pintrich, P. R., & DeGroot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33–40.
Pintrich, P. R., Roeser, R. W., & DeGroot, E. A. M. (1994). Classroom and individual differences in early adolescents’ motivation and self-regulated learning. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14(2), 139–161.
Pintrich, P. R., & Schrauben, B. (1992). Student’s motivational beliefs and their cognitive engagement in classroom academic tasks. In D. Schunk & J. Meece (Eds.), Student perceptions in the classroom: Causes and consequences (pp. 149–183). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rhodewalt, F., Morf, C., Hazlett, S., & Fairfield, M. (1991). Self-handicapping: The role of discounting and augmentation in the preservation of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 122–131.
Roderick, M., & Camburn, E. (1999). Risk and recovery from course failure in the early years of high school. American Educational Research Journal, 36(2), 303–343.
Roeser, R. W., Eccles, J. S., & Freedman-Doan, C. (1999). Academic functioning and mental health in adolescence: Patterns, progressions, and routes from childhood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 135–174.
Rothmann, S., & Storm, K. (2003, May). Work engagement in the South African police service. Paper presented at the 11th European Congress of Work and Organizational Psychology, Lisbon, Portugal.
Salmela-Aro, K. (2009a). Personal goals and well-being during critical life transitions: The four C’s – channelling, choice, co-agency and compensation. Advances in Life Course Research, 14(1–2), 63–73.
Salmela-Aro, K. (2009b). School-related burnout during educational tracks: Antecedents and consequences. In I. Schoon & R. Silbereisen (Eds.), Transitions from school to work: Globalisation, individualisation, and patterns of diversity (pp. 293–311). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., Leskinen, E., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2009). School burnout inventory (SBI): Reliability and validity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 48–57.
Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2008). The role of educational track in adolescents’ school burnout: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 663–689.
Salmela-Aro, K., Mutanen, P., Koivisto, P., & Vuori, J. (2010). Adolescents’ future education-related personal goals, concerns and internal motivation during “towards working life” group intervention. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(4), 445–462.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (1997). Goal contents, well-being and life context during transition to university: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 471–491.
Salmela-Aro, K., Tolvanen, A., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2009). Achievement strategies during university studies predict early career burnout and engagement. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 75(2), 162–172.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Tynkkynen, L. (2012a). Gendered pathways in school burnout among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.01.001
Salmela-Aro, K., & Upadyaya, K. (2012b). The schoolwork engagement inventory: Energy, dedication and absorption (EDA). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 60–67. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000091
Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464–481.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219–247.
Schoon, I., & Silbereisen, R. K. (Eds.). (2009). Transitions from school to work: Globalization, individualization, and patterns of diversity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Seroczynski, A. D., Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (1997). Cumulative and compensatory effects of competence and incompetence on depressive symptoms in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 586–597.
Sheldon, K. M. (2002). The self-concordance model of healthy goal-striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 65–86). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1998). Not all personal goals are personal: Comparing autonomous and controlled reasons for goals as predictors of effort and attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(5), 546–557.
Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482–497.
Sheldon, K. M., & Houser-Marko, L. (2001). Self-concordance, goal-attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 152–165.
Skorikov, V. (2006). Continuity in adolescent career preparation and its effects on adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 8–24.
Statistics Finland. (2007). Finnish school system. Retrieved from http://www.stat.fi/index_en.html
Vasalampi, K., Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2009). Adolescents’ self-concordance, school engagement, and burnout predict their educational trajectories. European Psychologist, 14(4), 332–341.
Wehlage, G. G. (1989). Engagement, not remediation or higher standards. In J. M. Lakebrink (Ed.), Children at risk (pp. 57–73). Springfield, IL/England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
Wentzel, K. R. (1989). Adolescent classroom goals, standards for performance, and academic achievement: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 131–142.
Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., & Pintrich, P. R. (1996). Development between the ages of 11 and 25. In D. C. Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 148–185). New York: Macmillan Library Reference.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121–141.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 183–200.
Acknowledgment
This study was funded by grants from the Academy of Finland (121 0319, 134931) and the Jacobs Foundation. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Katariina Salmela-Aro, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. Electronic mail may be sent to katariina.salmela-aro@helsinki.fi
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Netherlands
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Salmela-Aro, K. (2012). Motivation, Burnout, and Engagement During Critical Transitions from School to Work. In: Tynjälä, P., Stenström, ML., Saarnivaara, M. (eds) Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2312-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2312-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2311-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2312-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)