Abstract
Surface active compounds (SACs) are basically amphipathic in nature, which alter the properties of fluid interfaces, partition at interface between fluid phases leading to formation of micro-emulsion and impart better wetting, spreading, foaming and detergent traits, thereby rendering them as most versatile process chemicals to be utilized in surfactant-enhanced bioremediation practices. Use of chemical surfactants as an additive, however, warrant (i) toxicity, (ii) carcinogenicity, (iii) non-biodegradibility, (iv) bioaccumulation and (v) inconsistent performance with slow desorption kinetics. Therefore, attention has been focused on alternative amphiphilic surfactants of biological origin, which have predilection for interfaces of dissimilar polarities (liquid-air/liquid-liquid) and are soluble in both organic (non-polar) and aqueous (polar) milieu. The mechanisms of biosurfactant-assisted bioaugmentation in bioremediation include: (i) lowering of interfacial tension, (ii) biosurfactant solubilization of hydrophobic contaminants, and (iii) the phase transfer of pollutants from soil-sorbed to pseudo-aqueous phase. Hence, microbial surfactants have potential attributes as alternative to synthetic surfactants. This article reviews key aspects of microbial tensioactives for applications in bioremediation and biodegradation of environmental pollutants with focus on properties and physiological roles, followed by its laboratory, field demonstrations and full-scale applications. Finally, it is concluded with a concise appraisal on in situ and ex situ biosurfactant-assisted bioaugmentation, along-with impediments and future challenges.
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Hazra, C., Kundu, D., Chaudhari, A. (2012). Biosurfactant-Assisted Bioaugmentation in Bioremediation. In: Satyanarayana, T., Johri, B. (eds) Microorganisms in Environmental Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2229-3_28
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