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Molecular Analyses of Microbial Activities Involved in Bioremediation

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Microorganisms in Environmental Management

Abstract

Microorganisms play essential roles in nutrient cycles, interact with all living organisms and form bedrock of sustainable ecosystems. For implementation of bioremediation strategies it is essential that we understand how the environment (oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature and pH) modulates microbial activities. Microbial activities like oxidation, reduction, binding, immobilization, volatization, or transformation are carried out by enzymes such as oxidases, reductases, oxygenases and many more. Only few enzymes by their specific function are involved in bioremediation. However, there are many enzymes which by their specific role are involved in cellular metabolic functions but under stress conditions induced by anthropogens such as hydrocarbons, dyes, aromatic and xenobiotic compounds they perform alternate functions in metabolic pathways involved in biodegradation. The complete genome sequencing has become a very regular phenomenon and there is a significant augmentation in microbial genome databases. Consequently, it is possible to hypothesize the role of genes involved in bioremediation. However, to ascertain how many of them are actually involved in bioremediation we need transcriptome and proteome profiles. Cellular expression of proteins and metabolites varies with the stress and characterizing the differentially expressed molecules will provide the missing links in the degradation pathways. Innovative breakthroughs in technologies of sequencing, fingerprinting techniques, microarray and mass spectrometry along with bioinformatics tools have led a paradigm shift in characterizing microbial activities at molecular level. At the same time the use of molecular techniques has led to realization that microbial diversity is several folds higher than ever anticipated. Any one particular microorganism is incapable of processing all the metabolic reactions to degrade recalcitrant compounds, however a group of organisms form a community and collectively process all the reactions for bioremediation. Emerging fields like metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics have solved and are solving the complex biodegradation pathways. In future, applications of techniques such as lateral gene transfers, genetic engineering and protein engineering by rational or irrational experimental designs for direct or indirect evolution will develop recombinant strains with novel capabilities.

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Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (India) and thank Ms. Asha Parmar, BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat, India for critical suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India

    Varun Shah, Kunal Jain & Datta Madamwar

  2. International Center for Public Health, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA

    Chirayu Desai

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  1. Varun Shah
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  2. Kunal Jain
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  3. Chirayu Desai
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  4. Datta Madamwar
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Correspondence to Datta Madamwar .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fac. Inter-Disciplinary &, Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India

    T. Satyanarayana

  2. , Department of Biotechnology and Bioinfor, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462026, India

    Bhavdish Narain Johri

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Shah, V., Jain, K., Desai, C., Madamwar, D. (2012). Molecular Analyses of Microbial Activities Involved in Bioremediation. In: Satyanarayana, T., Johri, B. (eds) Microorganisms in Environmental Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2229-3_11

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