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Halophiles – Taxonomy, Diversity, Physiology and Applications

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Microorganisms in Environmental Management

Abstract

Halophiles are salt-loving organisms inhabiting environments with the capacity to balance the osmotic pressure of the environment and resist the denaturing effects of salts such as salt induced co-aggregation of proteins. They are diverse group of organisms that thrive extreme saline environments. Depending upon their requirement for salt concentration, they are classified as halotolerant, moderately halophile and extreme halophile. Halophiles have been routinely isolated from marine salterns and hypersaline lakes with 3.5–4.5 M (20–30 g% NaCl). Extremely halophilic archaea were characterized from saline environment in different parts of Turkey, “Solar de Atacama”, Chile, two salt lakes in Xin-Jiang, China. The family Halobacteriaceae contains 96 species classified in 27 genera. Mechanism of salt tolerance and halophily has been studied to some extent. The organisms devise protection against high concentration of Na+. They are reported to produce certain biochemicals like glycine betaine which acts as compatible solute for high concentration of NaCl. The cell envelope and outer membrane shows modification in composition based on ionic strength of outer environment. Extremophiles are being looked upon as a treasure of novel biomolecules, biomaterials and metabolites. Haloarchaeal enzymes are unusually stable and adapted to extreme environments thus are suitable candidates for applications in industrial processes that are performed under harsh conditions of high ionic strength. Bacteriorhodopsin, a photochemical produced by halophiles has a potential in conversion of light energy into chemical energy and electricity. Halophiles have wide range of biotechnological potential in industry e.g. biosurfactant production, biopolymers in oil recovery, proteases and amylases in detergent industry, poly-beta hydroxyalkanoate as biodegradable plastic, exopolysaccharide and bioremediation of contaminated hypersaline brines etc.

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    P. P. Kanekar, S. P. Kanekar, A. S. Kelkar & P. K. Dhakephalkar

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    Bhavdish Narain Johri

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Kanekar, P.P., Kanekar, S.P., Kelkar, A.S., Dhakephalkar, P.K. (2012). Halophiles – Taxonomy, Diversity, Physiology and Applications. In: Satyanarayana, T., Johri, B. (eds) Microorganisms in Environmental Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2229-3_1

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