Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Crop Stress and Aflatoxin Contamination: Perspectives and Prevention Strategies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Crop Stress and its Management: Perspectives and Strategies

Abstract

The fungal metabolites called aflatoxins are potent naturally occurring ­carcinogens, produced primarily by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. A. flavus affects many agricultural crops such as maize, cotton, peanuts, and tree nuts. It can contaminate these crops with aflatoxins in the field before harvest. It is a serious concern because of its toxic and carcinogenic properties and also due to the risk of contamination in food and feed on human health and livestock. It is not only a serious food safety issue, but it has significant economic implications for the agricultural industry worldwide because of restrictions limiting the trade of contaminated crop. Host plant resistance is an effective, efficient and dependable tool to protect crops from the preharvest infection and aflatoxin contamination processes. Host plant resistance to aflatoxin contamination is a complex trait, and dissecting this trait is an equally complex task. With the technological breakthrough in genomics and next-generation sequencing, our understanding on the Aspergillus biology is greatly enhanced. This chapter aggregates the rich aflatoxin literature and focuses on the factors that cause the stress execrably and increase the aflatoxin contamination of grains before and after harvest. Further discussed are potential future prevention technology and strategies that could be employed to guide future research, such as “next-generation” genetics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldrich SR, Scott WO, Leng ER (1975) Modern Corn Production. A & L Publications, Champaign, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Allcroft R, Carnaghan RBA, Sargeant K, O’Kelly J (1961) A toxic factor in Brazilian groundnut meal. Vet Rec 73:428–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson HW, Nehring EW, Wichser WR (1975) Aflatoxin contamination of corn in the field. Agric Food Chem 23:775–782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angle JS (1987) Aflatoxin and aflatoxin-producing fungi in soil. In: Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB, Renfro BL (eds) Aflatoxin in Maize. CIMMYT, Mexico, pp 152–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker SE (2006) Aspergillus niger genomics: Past, present and into the future. Med Mycol 44:S17–S21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry D, Lillehoj EB, Widstrom NW, McMillian WW, Zuber MS, Kwolek WF, Guthrie WD (1986) Effect of husk tightness and insect (Lepidoptera) infestation on aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize. Environ Entomol 15:1116–1118

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry D, Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB, McMillian WW, Adams NJ, Kwolek WF, Widstrom NW (1985) Evaluation of two Arthropod vectors as inoculators of developing maize ears with Aspergillus flavus. Environ Entomol 14:634–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW (1970) Microbiological aspects of the aflatoxin problem. In: Amer Ass Feed Microscop Offic Proc, pp 118–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW (1979) Aflatoxins and anthraquinones from diploids of Aspergillus parasiticus. J Gen Microbiol 113:127–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Chang PK, Bhatnagar D (1997) One gene to whole pathway: the role of norsolorinic acid in aflatoxin research. Adv Appl Microbiol 45:1–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Goldblatt LA (1973) The isolation of mutants of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus with altered aflatoxin producing ability. Sabouraudia 11:235–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Klich M (2003) Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:497–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Kronberg FG, Goodman LA, Seltman MA (1983) Isolation of an anthraquinoe-accumulating mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus and partial characterization by dry column chromatography. Mycologia 75:202–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Lee LS (1979) Mycotoxins - their biosynthesis in fungi: aflatoxins and other bisfuranoids. J Food Prot 42:805–809

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Lee LS, Cucullu AF (1976) Effect of dichlorvos on aflatoxin and versicolorin A production in Aspergillus parasiticus. Bot Gaz 137:318–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Lee LS, Vinnett CH (1971) The correlation of aflatoxin and norsolorinic acid production. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:368–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Leong PM, Kruger SJ, Keyes D (1986) Sclerotial and low aflatoxigenic morphological variants from haploid and diploid Aspergillus parasiticus. Experientia 42:848–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Papa KE (1988) The aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. Adv Plant Pathol 6:265–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Lillehoj EB (1989) Enzymes in aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis: strategies for identifying pertinent genes. Mycopathologia 107:75–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (1991) Aflatoxin biosynthesis: developments in chemistry, biochemistry, and genetics. Res Bull Iowa State Univ Agric Home Econ Exp Stn 599:391–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar D, Ehrlich KC, Cleveland TE (1992) Oxidation-reduction reactions in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In: Bhatnagar D, Lillehoj EB, Arora DK (eds) Mycotoxins in Ecological Systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 255–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgrami KS, Ranjan KS, Masood A (1992) Influence of cropping pattern on aflatoxin contamination in preharvest Khrif (Monsoon) maize crop (Zea mays). J Sci Food Agric 58:101–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucio-Villalobos CM, Guzman-de-Pena D, Pena-Cabriales JJ (2001) Aflatoxin synthesis in corn fields in Guanajuato, Mexico. Rev Iberoam Micol 18:83–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckler ES, Holland JB, Bradbury PJ, Acharya CB, Brown PJ (2009) The genetic architecture of maize flowering time. Science 325:714–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butron A, Guo BZ, Widstrom NW, Snook ME, Lynch RE (2000) Use of markers for maize silk antibiotic polyphenol compounds to improve resistance to corn earworm. Recent Res Devel Agric Food Chem 4:193–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne PF, McMullen MD, Snook ME, Musket TA, Theuri JM, Widstrom NW, Wiseman BR, Coe EH (1996) Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:8820–8825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne PF, McMullen MD, Wiseman BR, Snook ME, Musket TA, Theuri JM, Widstrom NW, Coe EH (1997) Identification of maize chromosome regions associated with antibiosis to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. J Econ Entomol 90:1039–1045

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne PF, McMullen MD, Wiseman BR, Snook ME, Musket TA, Theuri JM, Widstrom NW, Coe EH (1998) Maize silk maysin concentration and corn earworm antibiosis QTLs and genetic mechanisms. Crop Sci 38:461–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW, White DG (1994) An inoculation device to evaluate maize for resistance to ear rot and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Plant Dis 78:778–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW, White DG (1995) Inheritance of resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin in corn genotypes. Phytopathology 85:886–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW, White DG, Toman J (1993) Sources of resistance in F1 corn hybrids to ear rot caused by Aspergillus flavus. Plant Dis 77:778–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambliss OL, Wann EV (1971) Antibiosis in earworm resistant sweet corn. J Am Soc Hort Sci 96:273–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang PK (2004) Lack of interaction between AFLR and AFLJ contributes to nonaflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus sojae. J Biotechnol 107:245–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang PK, Bennett JW, Cotty PJ (2002) Association of aflatoxin biosynthesis and sclerotial development in Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 153:41–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang PK, Cary JW, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Bennett JW, Linz JE, Woloshuk CP, Payne GA (1993) Cloning of the Aspergillus parasiticus apa-2 gene associated with the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3273–3279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang PK, Cary JW, Yu J, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (1995) The Aspergillus parasiticus polyketide synthase gene pksA, a homolog of Aspergillus nidulans wA, is required for aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis. Mol Gen Genet 248:270–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang PK, Skory CD, Linz JE (1992) Cloning of a gene associated with aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Curr Genet 21:231–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang PK, Yu J, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (1999) The carboxy-terminal portion of the aflatoxin pathway regulatory protein AFLR of Aspergillus parasiticus activates GAL1::lacZ gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2508–2512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZY, Brown RL, Guo BZ, Menkir A, Cleveland TE (2009) Identifying aflatoxin resistance-related proteins/genes through proteomics and RNAi gene silencing. Peanut Sci 36:35–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZY, Brown RL, Lax AR, Guo BZ, Cleveland TE, Russin JS (1998) Resistance to Aspergillus flavus in corn kernels is associated with a 14-kDa protein. Phytopathology 88:276–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland TE, Bhatnagar D (1987) Individual reaction requirements of two enzyme activities, isolated from Aspergillus parasiticus, which together catalyze conversion of sterigmatocystin to aflatoxin B1. Can J Microbiol 33:1108–1112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland TE, Bhatnagar D (1990) Evidence for de novo synthesis of an aflatoxin pathway methyltransferase near the cessation of active growth and the onset of aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus mycelia. Can J Microbiol 36:1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland TE, Bhatnagar D (1991) Molecular regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In: Bray GA, Ryan DH (eds) Proc Symp Mycotoxins Cancer Health, pp. 270–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb WY (1979) Aflatoxin in the Southeastern United States: Was 1977 exceptional? Quart Bull Assoc Food Drug Off 43:99–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole RJ, Hill RA, Blankenship PD, Sanders TH, Gurren JH (1982) Influence of irrigation and drought stress on invasion of Aspergillus flavus of corn kernels and peanut pods. Devel Industr Microbiol 23:229–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotty P (1988) Aflatoxin and sclerotial production by Aspergillus flavus: influence of pH. Phytopathology 78:1250–1253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotty PJ, Antilla L, Wakelyn PJ (2007) Competitive exclusion of aflatoxin producers: farmer-driven research and development. In: Vincent C, Goettel MS, Lazarovits G (eds) Biological control: a global perspective. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 241–253

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford JM, Thomas PM, Scheerer JR, Vagstad AL, Kelleher NL, Townsend CA (2008a) Deconstruction of iterative multidomain polyketide synthase function. Science 320:243–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford JM, Vagstad AL, Ehrlich KC, Townsend CA (2008b) Starter unit specificity directs genome mining of polyketide synthase pathways in fungi. Bioorg Chem 36:16–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darrah LL (1987) Inheritance of aflatoxin B1 levels in maize kernels under modified natural inoculation with Aspergillus flavus. Crop Sci 27:869–872

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW (1998) Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 26:781–805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, Norris S, Edelstein H, Stevens DA (1991) Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New Engl J Med 324:654–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW, Riniotis K, Dobrashian R, Sambatakou H (2003) Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: Case series, proposed nomenclature and review. Clin Infect Dis 37:S265–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dix DE, All JN (1987) Interactions between maize weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infestations and infection by Aspergillus flavus and other fungi in stored corn. J Entomol Sci 22:108–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorner JW, Cole RJ, Wicklow DT (1999) Aflatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive fungi. J Food Prot 62:650–656

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doupnik B (1972) Maize predisposed to fungal invasion and aflatoxin contamination by Helminthsporium maydis ear rot. Phytopathology 62:1367–1368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowd PF (2003) Insect management to facilitate preharvest mycotoxin management. J Toxicol-Toxin Rev 22:327–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich KC (2009) Predicted roles of uncharacterized clustered genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Toxins 1:37–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich KC, Cary JW, Montalbano BG (1999) Characterization of the promoter for the gene encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway regulatory protein AFLR. Biochim Biophys Acta 1444:412–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich KC, Yu J (2009) Aflatoxin-like gene clusters and how they evolved. In: Varma AK, Rai MK (eds) Mycotoxins in Food, Feed, and Bioweapons. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, pp 65–76

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elliger CA, Chan BG, Waiss AC Jr, Lundin RE, Haddon WF (1980) C-glycosylflavones from Zea mays that inhibit insect development. Phytochemistry 19:293–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorova ND, Harris S, Chen D, Denning D, Yu J, Cotty PJ, Nierman WC (2009) Using aCGH to study intraspecific genetic variability in two pathogenic molds, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Med Mycol 47:S34–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DI, Kwolek WF, Lillehoj EB, Adams GA, Bothast RJ et al (1977) Aspergilus flavus presence in silks and insects from developing and mature corn ears. Cereal Chem 54:770–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DI, Lillehoj EB, Kwolek WF (1975) Aspergillus flavus and other fungi associated with insect-damaged field corn. Cereal Chem 52:314–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DI, Lillehoj EB, Kwolek WF, Guthrie WD, Sheeley R et al (1978) Insect larval activity on developing corn ears and subsequent aflatoxin contamination of seed. J Econ Entomol 71:624–628

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortnum BA, Manwiller A (1985) Effects of irrigation and kernel injury on aflatoxin B1 production in selected maize hybrids. Plant Dis 69:262–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fountain JC, Chen ZY, Scully BT, Kemerait RC, Lee RD, Guo BZ (2010) Pathogenesis-related gene expressions in different maize genotypes under drought stressed conditions. Afric J Plant Sci 4:433–440

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung F, Clark RF (2004) Health effects of mycotoxins: a toxicological overview. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:217–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galagan JE, Calvo SE, Cuomo C, Ma LJ, Wortman JR et al (2005) Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae. Nature 438:1105–1115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner CAC, Darrah LL, Zuber MS, Wallin JR (1987) Genetic control of aflatoxin production in maize. Plant Dis 71:426–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover JW, Krenzer E Jr (1980) Practices to minimize aflatoxin in corn. NC Agric Ext Serv Circl AG-234

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman DP, Kang MS, Cleveland TE, Hutchinson RI (1992) Combining ability for resistance to field aflatoxin accumulation in maize grain. Plant Breed 109:296–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto T, Wicklow DT, Ito Y (1996) Aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by a sclerotium-producing Aspergillus tamarii strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:4036–4038

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin GJ, Garren KH, Taylor JD (1981) Influence of crop rotation and minimum tillage on the population of Aspergillus flavus group in peanut field soil. Plant Dis 65:898–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Brown RL, Lax AR, Cleveland TE, Russin JS, Widstrom NW (1998) Protein profiles and antifungal activities of kernel extracts from corn genotypes resistant and susceptible to Aspergillus flavus. J Food Prot 61:98–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Butrón A, Li H, Widstrom NW, Lynch RE (2002) Restriction fragment length polymorphism assessment of the heterogeneous nature of maize population GT-MAS:gk and field evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. J Food Prot 65:167–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Chen ZY, Brown RL, Lax AR, Cleveland TE, Russin JS, Mehta AD, Selitrennikoff CP, Widstrom NW (1997) Germination induces accumulation of specific proteins and antifungal activities in corn kernels. Phytopathology 87:1174–1178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Chen CY, Chu Y, Holbrook CC, Ozias-Akins P, Stalker HT (2011a) Advances in genetics and genomics for sustainable peanut production. In: Benkeblia N (ed) Sustainable Agriculture and New Biotechnologies. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 341–368

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Cleveland TE, Brown RL, Widstrom NW, Lynch RE, Russin JS (1999a) Distribution of antifungal proteins in maize kernel tissues using immunochemistry. J Food Prot 62:295–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Fedorova N, Chen X, Wan CH, Wang W, Nierman WC, Bhatnagar D, Yu J (2011b) Gene expression profiling and identification of resistance genes to Aspergillus flavus infection in Peanut through EST and Microarray Strategies. Toxins 3:737–753

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Krakowsky MD, Ni X, Scully BT, Lee RD, Coy AE, Widstrom NW (2011c) Registration of maize inbred line GT603. J Plant Reg 5:211–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Li R, Widstrom NW, Lynch RE, Cleveland TE (2001a) Genetic variation in the maize population GT-MAS:gk and the relationship with resistance to Aspergillus flavus. Theor Appl Genet 103:533–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Russin JS, Brown RL, Cleveland TE, Widstrom NW (1996) Resistance to aflatoxin contamination in corn as influenced by relative humidity and kernel germination. J Food Prot 59:276–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Russin JS, Cleveland TE, Brown RL, Widstrom NW (1995) Wax and cutin layers in maize kernels associated with resistance to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. J Food Prot 58:296–300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Widstrom NW, Lee RD, Coy AE, Lynch RE (2007) Registration of maize germplasm GT601 (AM-1) and GT602 (AM-2). J Plant Reg 1:153–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Widstrom NW, Lee RD, Wilson DM, Coy AE (2005) Prevention of preharvest aflatoxin contamination: integration of crop management and genetics in corn. In: Abbas H (ed) Aflatoxin and Food Safety. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 437–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Widstrom NW, Wiseman BR, Snook ME, Lynch RE, Plaisted D (1999b) Comparison of silk maysin, antibiosis to corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and silk browning in crosses of dent x sweet corn. J Econ Entomol 92:746–753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Yu J, Holbrook CC, Cleveland TE, Nierman WC, Scully BT (2009) Strategy in prevention of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in peanuts: Aflatoxin biosynthesis, genetics and genomics. Peanut Sci 36:11–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Zhang ZJ, Butrón A, Widstrom NW, Snook ME, Lynch RE, Plaisted D (2004) Lost p1 allele in sh2 sweet corn: Quantitative effects of p1 and a1 genes on the concentrations of maysin, apimaysin, methoxymaysin, and chlorogenic acid in maize silk. J Econ Entomol 97:2117–2126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo BZ, Zhang ZJ, Li RG, Widstrom NW, Snook ME, Lynch RE, Plaisted D (2001b) Restriction fragment length polymorphism markers associated with silk maysin, antibiosis to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, in a dent and sweet corn cross. J Econ Entomol 94:564–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie WD, Lillehoj EB, McMillian WW, Barry D, Kwolek WF et al (1981) Effect of hybrids with different levels of susceptibility to second-generation European corn borers on aflatoxin contamination in corn. J Agric Food Chem 29:1170–1172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin AM, White DG (2000) Inheritance of resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production of corn from Tex6. Phytopathology 90:292–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn BW, Moore GG, Carbone I (2009a) Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus flavus. Mycologia 101:423–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn BW, Ramirez-Prado JH, Carbone I (2009b) Sexual reproduction and recombination in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus parasiticus. Fungal Genet Biol 46:169–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn BW, Ramirez-Prado JH, Carbone I (2009c) The sexual state of Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycologia 101:275–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek CF, Pohland AE, Wood GE (1989) Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feeds–an update. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 72:223–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RK (1987) The influence of cultural practices on minimizing the development of aflatoxin in field maize. In: Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB, Renfro BL (eds) Aflatoxin in Maize. CIMMYT, Mexico, pp 136–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones RK, Duncan HE (1981) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, planting date, and harvest date on aflatoxin production in corn inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. Plant Dis 65:741–744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RK, Duncan HE, Hamilton PB (1981) Planting date, harvest date, and irrigation effects on infection and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in field corn. Phytopathology 71:810–816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RK, Duncan HE, Payne GA, Leonard KG (1980) Factors influencing infection by Aspergillus flavus in silk-inoculated corn. Plant Dis 64:859–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang MS, Lillehoj EB, Widstrom NW (1990) Field aflatoxin contamination of maize genotypes of broad genetic base. Euphytica 51:19–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller NP, Dischinger HC Jr, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Ullah AH (1993) Purification of a 40-kilodalton methyltransferase active in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:479–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller NP, Watanabe CM, Kelkar HS, Adams TH, Townsend CA (2000) Requirement of monooxygenase-mediated steps for sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:359–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King SB, Scott GE (1982) Field inoculation techniques to evaluate maize for reaction to kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 72:782–785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klich MA (1998) Soil fungi of some low-altitude desert cotton fields and ability of their extracts to inhibit Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathologia 142:97–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster MD, Jenkins FP, Philip JM (1961) Toxicity associated with certain samples of ground nuts. Nature 192:1095–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPrade JC, Manwiller A (1976) Aflatoxin production and fungal growth on single cross corn hybrids inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 66:675–677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaPrade JC, Manwiller A (1977) Relation of insect damage, vector, and hybrid reaction to aflatoxin B1 recovery from field corn. Phytopathology 67:544–547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Butron A, Jiang T, Guo BZ, Coy AE, Lee RD, Widstrom NW, Lynch RE (2000) Evaluation of corn germplasm tolerance to drought stress and effects on aflatoxin production. In: Robens J, Cary JW, Campbell BC (eds.) Proceedings of Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Workshop 2000, p. 161. Yosemite, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillehoj EB (1983) Effect of environmental and cultural factors on aflatoxin contamination of developing corn kernels. In: Diener UL, Asquith RL, Dickens JW (eds.) Aflatoxin and Aspergillus flavus in Corn, pp. 27–34. So. Coop Series Bull. 279, Alabama Agric. Exp. Stn. Auburn AL

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillehoj EB, Fennell DI, Kwolek WF, Adams GL, Zuber MS et al (1978) Aflatoxin contamination of corn before harvest: Aspergillus flavus association with insects collected from developing ears. Crop Sci 18:921–924

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lillehoj EB, Kwolek WF, Manwiller A, DuRant JA et al (1976) Aflatoxin production in several corn hybrids grown in South Carolina and Florida. Crop Sci 16:483–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lillehoj EB, Kwolek WF, Zuber MS, Bockholt AJ et al (1980) Aflatoxin in corn before harvest: interaction of hybrids and locations. Crop Sci 20:731–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lillehoj EB, Manwiller A, Whitaker TB, Zuber MS (1982) South Carolina corn yield trial samples as probes for the natural occurrence of aflatoxin in preharvest kernels. Cereal Chem 59:136–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillehoj EB, Zuber MS (1975) Aflatoxin problem in corn and possible solutions. In: Proceedings 30th Annual Corn & Sorghum Res Conf, pp. 230–250. Chicago, Ill

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo M, Liang XQ, Dang P, Holbrook CC, Bausher MG, Lee RD, Guo BZ (2005) Microarray-based screening of differentially expressed genes in peanut in response to Aspergillus parasiticus infection and drought stress. Plant Sci 169:695–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo M, Liu J, Lee RD, Guo BZ (2008) Characterization of gene expression profiles in developing kernels of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred Tex6. Plant Breed 127:569–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo M, Liu J, Lee RD, Scully BT, Guo BZ (2010) Monitoring the expression of maize (Zea mays) genes in developing kernels under drought stress using oligo-microarray. J Integr Plant Biol 52:1059–1074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida M, Asai K, Sano M, Tanaka T, Kumagai T et al (2005) Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae. Nature 438:1157–1161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martyniuk S, Wagner GH (1978) Quantitative and qualitative examination of soil microflora associated with different management systems. Soil Sci 125:343–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Widstrom NW, Barry D, Lillehoj EB (1988) Aflatoxin contamination in selected corn germplasm classified for resistance to European corn borer (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). J Entomol Sci 23:240–244

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Widstrom NW, Beaver RW, Wilson DM (1991) Aflatoxin in Georgia: factors associated with its formation in corn. Iowa Agric and Home Econ Exp Stn Res Bull 599:329–334

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Widstrom NW, Wilson DM (1985a) Insect damage and aflatoxin contamination in preharvest corn: influence of genotype and ear wetting. J Entomol Sci 20:66–68

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Widstrom NW, Wilson DM (1993) Registration of GT-MAS:gk maize germplasm. Crop Sci 33:882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Widstrom NW, Wilson DM, Evans BD (1990) Annual contamination of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths with Aspergillus flavus and incidence of aflatoxin contamination in preharvest corn in the Georgia Coastal Plain. J Entomol Sci 25:123–124

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Widstrom NW, Wilson DM, Hill RA (1980) Transmission by maize weevils of Aspergillus flavus and its survival on selected corn hybrids. J Econ Entomol 73:793–794

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Wilson DM, Widstrom NW (1978) Insect damage, Aspergillus flavus ear mold, and aflatoxin contamination in South Georgia corn fields in 1977. J Environ Qual 7:564–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillian WW, Wilson DM, Widstrom NW (1985b) Aflatoxin contamination of preharvest corn in Georgia: a six-year study of insect damage and visible Aspergillus flavus. J Environ Qual 14:200–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMullen MD, Kresovich S, Villeda HS, Bradbury P, Li H et al (2009) Genetic properties of the maize nested association mapping population. Science 325:737–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menkir A, Brown RL, Bandyopadhyay R, Cleveland TE (2008) Registration of six tropical maize germplasm lines with resistance to aflatoxin contamination. J Plant Reg 2:246–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minto RE, Townsend CA (1997) Enzymology and molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Chem Rev 97:2537–2556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell-Olds T (2010) Complex-trait analysis in plants. Genome Biol 11:113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori T, Matsumura M, Yamada K, Irie S, Oshimi K, Suda K, Oguri T, Ichinoe M (1998) Systemic aspergillosis caused by an aflatoxin-producing strain of Aspergillus flavus. Med Mycol 36:107–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo G, Forbes AM, Paul C, White DG, Rocheford TR (2002) Resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin accumulation in maize F1 Hybrids. Crop Sci 42:360–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ni X, Wilson JP, Buntin GD, Guo BZ, Krakowsky MD, Lee RD, Cottrell TE, Scully BT, Huffaker A, Schmelz (2011) Spatial patterns of aflatoxin levels in relation to ear-feeding insect damage in pre-harvest corn. Toxins 3:920–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Nierman WC, Pain A, Anderson MJ, Wortman JR, Kim HS et al (2005) Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Nature 438:1151–1156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordborg M, Weigel D (2008) Next-generation genetics in plant. Nature 456:720–723

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OBrian GR, Georgianna DR, Wilkinson JR, Yu J, Abbas HK, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Nierman WC, Payne GA (2007) The effect of elevated temperature on gene transcription and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Mycologia 99:232–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papa KE (1976) Linkage groups in Aspergillus flavus. Mycologia 68:159–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papa KE (1979) Genetics of Aspergillus flavus: complementation and mapping of aflatoxin mutants. Genet Res 34:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papa KE (1984) Genetics of Aspergillus flavus: linkage of aflatoxin mutants. Can J Microbiol 30:68–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne GA (1998) Process of contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi and their impact on crops. In: Sinha KK, Bhatnager D (eds) Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 279–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne GA, Brown MP (1998) Genetics and physiology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 36:329–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne GA, Cassel DK, Adkins CR (1986) Reduction of aflatoxin contamination in corn by irrigation and tillage. Phytopathology 76:679–684

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne GA, Kamprath EJ, Adkins CR (1989) Increased aflatoxin contamination in nitrogen-stressed corn. Plant Dis 73:556–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne GA, Thompson DL, Lillehoj EB, Zuber MS, Adkins CR (1988) Effect of temperature on the preharvest infection of maize kernels by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 78:1376–1380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne GA, Yu J, Nierman WC, Machida M, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Dean RA (2008) A first glance into the genome sequence of Aspergillus flavus. In: Osmani S, Goldman G (eds) The ASPERGILLI: Genomics, Medical Aspects, Biotechnology, and Research Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Payton P, Kottapalli KR, Rowland D, Faircloth W, Guo B, Burow M, Puppala N, Gallo M (2009) Gene expression profiling in peanut using high density oligonucleotide microarrays. BMC Genomics 10:265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pel HJ, de Winde JH, Archer DB, Dyer PS, Hofmann G et al (2007) Genome sequencing and analysis of the versatile cell factory Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88. Nat Biotechnol 25:221–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priyadarshini E, Tulpule PG (1978) Relationship between fungal growth and aflatoxin production in varieties of maize and groundnut. J Agric Food Chem 26:249–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qin H, Chen C, Feng S, Guo Y, Knapp S, Culbreath A, He G, Wang M, Zhang X, Holbrook CC, Ozias-Akins P, Liang X, Guo BZ (2011) An Integrated genetic linkage map of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) constructed from two RIL populations. Theor Appl Genet (submitted, 12/23/2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rector BG, Snook ME, Widstrom NW (2002) Effect of husk characters on resistance to corn ­earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in high-maysin maize populations. J Econ Entomol 95:1303–1307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rokas A, Payne GA, Fedorova ND, Baker SE, Machida M, Yu J et al (2007) What can comparative genomics tell us about species concepts in the genus Aspergillus. Studies in Mycol 59:11–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russin JS, Guo BZ, Tubajika KM, Brown RL, Cleveland TE, Widstrom NW (1997) Comparison of kernel wax from corn genotypes resistant or susceptible to Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 87:529–533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw RH (1977) Climatic requirement. In: Sprague GF (ed) Corn and Corn Improvement. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, p 591

    Google Scholar 

  • Snook ME, Gueldner RC, Widstrom NW, Wiseman BR et al (1993) Levels of maysin and maysin analogues in silks of maize germplasm. J Agric Food Chem 41:1481–1485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott GE, Zummo N (1988) Sources of resistance in maize to kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus in the field. Crop Sci 28:504–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott GE, Zummo N (1990a) Preharvest kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus for resistant and susceptible maize hybrids. Crop Sci 30:381–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott GE, Zummo N (1990b) Registration of Mp313E parental line of maize. Crop Sci 30:1378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott GE, Zummo N (1992) Registration of Mp420 germplasm line of maize. Crop Sci 32:1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott GE, Zummo N, Lillehoj EB, Widstrom NW et al (1991) Aflatoxin in corn hybrids field inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. Agron J 83:595–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scully BT, Krakowsky MD, Ni X, Wilson JP, Lee RD, Guo BZ (2009) Preharvest aflatoxin ­contamination of corn and other grain crops grown on the U.S. southeastern coastal plain. J Toxicology – Toxin Rev 28:169–179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson CE (1991) Pathways for introgression of pest resistance into Arachis hypogaea L. Peanut Sci 18:22–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson CE, Starr JL (2001) Registration of ‘COAN’ peanut. Crop Sci 41:918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sisson PF (1987) The effect of climatic conditions on the incidence and severity of aflatoxin in the U.S.A. In: Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB, Renfro BL (eds) Aflatoxin in Maize. CIMMYT, Mexico, pp 172–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MS, Riley TJ (1992) Direct and interactive effects of planting date, irrigation, and corn earworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) damage on aflatoxin production in preharvest field corn. J Econ Entomol 85:998–1006

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson WG, Hesseltine CW, Shotwell OL (1967) Effect of temperature on production of aflatoxin on rice by Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 33:49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squire RA (1981) Ranking animal carcinogens: A proposed regulatory approach. Science 214:877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St Leger RJ, Screen SE, Shams-Pirzadeh B (2000) Lack of host specialization in Aspergillus flavus. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:320–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoloff L, Lillehoj EB (1981) Effect of genotype (open pollinated vs hybrid) and environment on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of maize grown in southeastern United States. J Am Oil Chem Soc 58:976A–980A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taubenhaus JJ (1920) A study of the black and yellow molds of ear corn. Texas Agric Exp Stn Bull 270:3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DL, Lillehoj EB, Leonard KJ, Kwolek WF, Zuber MS (1980) Aflatoxin concentration in corn as influenced by kernel development stage and post-inoculation temperature in controlled environments. Crop Sci 20:609–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DL, Rawlings JO, Zuber MS, Payne GA, Lillehoj EB (1984) Aflatoxin accumulation in developing kernels of eight maize single crosses after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus. Plant Dis 68:465–467

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend CA (1997) Progress towards a biosynthetic rationale of the aflatoxin pathway. Pure Appl Chem 58:227–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trail F, Mahanti N, Linz J (1995a) Molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Microbiology 141:755–765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trail F, Mahanti N, Rarick M, Mehigh R, Liang SH, Zhou R, Linz JE (1995b) Physical and transcriptional map of an aflatoxin gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus and functional disruption of a gene involved early in the aflatoxin pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2665–2673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker DH, Trevathan LE, King SB, Scott GE (1986) Effect of four inoculation techniques on infection and aflatoxin concentration of resistant and susceptible corn hybrids inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 76:290–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Egmond HP (1989) Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins: Overview of tolerances and status of standard methods of sampling and analysis. J Food Addit Contam 6:139–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Egmond HP, Jonker MA (2005) Worldwide regulations on aflatoxins. In: Abbas HK (ed) Aflatoxin and Food Safety. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 77–93

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA (2007) Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: Perspectives in a global and European context. Anal Bioanal Chem 389:147–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waiss AC Jr, Chan BG, Elliger CA, Wiseman BR et al (1979) Maysin, a flavone glycoside from corn silks with antibiotic activity toward corn earworm. J Econ Entomol 72:256–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter EV (1957) Corn earworm lethal factor in silks of sweet corn. J Econ Entomol 50:105–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Liu J, Lee RD, Scully BT, Guo BZ (2008) Postharvest Aspergillus flavus colonization in responding to preharvest field condition of drought stress and oligo-microarray profiling of developing corn kernel gene expression under drought stress. Phytopathology 98:S166

    Google Scholar 

  • Wann EV, Hills WA (1966) Earworm Resistance in sweet corn at two stages of development. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 89:491–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW (1987) Breeding strategies to control aflatoxin contamination of maize through host plant resistance. In: Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB, Renfro BL (eds) Aflatoxin in Maize. CIMMYT, Mexico, pp 212–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW (1992) Aflatoxin in developing maize: interactions among involved biota and pertinent econiche factors. In: Bhatnager D, Lillehoj EB, Arora DK (eds) Handbook of Applied Mycology, Mycotoxins in Ecological Systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 23–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW (1996) The aflatoxin problem with corn grain. In: Sparks DL (ed) Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press, New York, pp 219–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Lillehoj EB, Sparks AN, Kwolek WF (1976) Corn earworm damage and aflatoxin B1 on corn ears protected with insecticide. J Econ Entomol 69:677–679

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, McMillian WW, Beaver RW, Wilson DM (1990) Weather-associated changes in aflatoxin contamination of preharvest maize. J Prod Agric 3:196–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, McMillian WW, Wilson DM (1984a) Contamination of preharvest corn by aflatoxin. In: Proceedings 39th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference, pp. 68–83. Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, McMillian WW, Wilson DM (1987) Segregation for resistance to aflatoxin contamination among seeds on an ear of hybrid maize. Crop Sci 27:961–963

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, McMillian WW, Wilson DM, Garwood DL, Glover DV (1984b) Growth characteristics of Aspergillus flavus on agar infused with maize kernel homogenates and aflatoxin contamination of whole kernel samples. Phytopathology 74:887–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Snook ME (1994) Inheritance of maysin content in silks of maize inbreds resistant to the corn earworm. Plant Breed 112:120–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Snook ME (1998) Genetic variation for maysin and its analogues in crosses among corn inbreds. Crop Sci 38:372–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Snook ME (2001a) Registration of EPM6 and SIM6 maize germplasm, high silk-maysin sources of resistance to corn earworm. Crop Sci 41:2009–2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Snook ME (2001b) Recurrent selection for maysin, a compound in maize silk, antibiotic to corn earworm. Crop Sci 120:357–359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Sparks AN, Lillehoj EB, Kwolek WF (1975) Aflatoxin and Lepidopteran insect injury on corn in Georgia. J Econ Entomol 68:855–866

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Wilson DM, McMillian WW (1981) Aflatoxin contamination of preharvest corn as influenced by timing and method of inoculation. Appl Environ Microbiol 42:249–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Wilson DM, McMillian WW (1984c) Ear resistance of maize inbred to field aflatoxin contamination. Crop Sci 24:1155–1157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Wilson DM, McMillian WW (1986) Differentiation of maize genotypes for aflatoxin concentration in developing ears. Crop Sci 26:935–937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Wiseman BR, McMillian WW, Kwolek WF et al (1978) Evaluation of commercial and experimental three-way corn hybrids for aflatoxin B1 production potential. Agron J 70:9886–988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Wilson DM, Richard JL, McMillian WW (1993) Resistance in maize to preharvest contamination by aflatoxin. Plant Pathol Trends Agric Sci 1:49–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Wiseman BR, McMillian WW (1977) Responses of corn earworm larvae to maize silks. Agron J 69:815–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrom NW, Zuber MS (1983) Prevention and control of aflatoxin in corn: sources and mechanisms of genetic control in the plant. In: Diener UL, Asquith RL, Dickens JW (eds.) Aflatoxin and Aspergillus flavus in Corn, pp. 72–76. South Coop Series Bull 279, Alabama Agric Exp Stn. Auburn AL

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson JR, Yu J, Abbas HK, Scheffler BE, Kim HS, Nierman WC, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (2007a) Aflatoxin formation and gene expression in response to carbon source media shift in Aspergillus parasiticus. J Food Addit Contam 24:1051–1060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson JR, Yu J, Bland JM, Nierman WC, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (2007b) Amino acid supplementation reveals differential regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 and Aspergillus parasiticus SRRC 143. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:1308–1319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • William WP, Windham GL (2001) Registration of maize germplasm line Mp715. Crop Sci 41:1374–1375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JH, Grubb JA, Davis JW, Wang JS, Jolly PE et al (2010) HIV and hepatocellular and esophageal carcinomas related to consumption of mycotoxin-prone foods in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Clin Nutr. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28761

  • Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D (2004) Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1106–1122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DM (1989) Analytical methods for aflatoxins in corn and peanuts. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 18:308–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DM, Widstrom NW, Marti LR, Evans BD (1981) Aspergillus flavus group, aflatoxin, and bright greenish yellow fluorescence in insect-damaged corn in Georgia. Cereal Chem 58:40–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman BR, Widstrom NW, McMillian WW (1977) Ear characteristics and mechanisms of resistance among selected corns to corn earworm. Flor Entomol 60:97–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (2004a) Completed sequence of aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus. FEBS Lett 564:126–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (2004b) Genetics and biochemistry of aflatoxin formation and genomics approach for eliminating aflatoxin contamination. In: Romeo JT (ed) Recent Advances in Phytochemistry. Elsevier, New York, pp 224–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Chang PK, Cary JW, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (1997) avnA, a gene encoding a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, is involved in the conversion of averantin to averufin in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1349–1356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Chang PK, Cary JW, Wright M, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Payne GA, Linz JE (1995) Comparative mapping of aflatoxin pathway gene clusters in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2365–2371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Chang PK, Ehrlich KC, Cary JW, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Payne GA, Linz JE, Woloshuk CP, Bennett JW (2004c) Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1253–1262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Chang PK, Ehrlich KC, Cary JW, Montalbano B, Dyer JM, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (1998) Characterization of the critical amino acids of an Aspergillus parasiticus cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase encoded by ordA that is involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, and G2. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4834–4841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Payne GA, Campbell BC, Guo BZ, Cleveland TE, Robens JF, Keller NP, Bennett JW, Nierman WC (2008) Mycotoxin production and prevention of aflatoxin contamination in food and feed. In: Goldman GH, Osmani SA (eds) The Aspergilli: Genomics, Medical Aspects, Biotechnology, and Research Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 457–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Whitelaw CA, Nierman WC, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (2004d) Aspergillus flavus expressed sequence tags for identification of genes with putative roles in aflatoxin contamination of crops. FEMS Microbiol Lett 237:333–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber MS (1977) Influence of plant genetics on toxin production in corn. In: Rodericks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds) Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health. Pathotox Publishers, Park Forest South, IL, pp 173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuber MS, Calvert OH, Kwolek WF, Lillehoj EB, Kang MS (1978) Aflatoxin B1 production in an eight-line diallel of Zea mays infected with Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 68:1346–1349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber MS, Darrah LL, Lillehoj EB, Josephson LM et al (1983) Comparison of open-pollinated maize varieties and hybrids for preharvest aflatoxin contamination in the southern United States. Plant Dis 67:185–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB (1979) Status of the aflatoxin problem in corn. J Environ Qual 8:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber MS, Lillehoj EB (1987) Aflatoxin contamination in maize and its biocontrol. In: Murkerji KG, Garg KL (eds) Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 85–102

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, USA

    Baozhu Guo & Brian T. Scully

  2. Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Jiujiang Yu

  3. Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, USA

    Xinzhi Ni

  4. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA

    R. Dewey Lee

  5. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA

    Robert C. Kemerait

Authors
  1. Baozhu Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiujiang Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xinzhi Ni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Dewey Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robert C. Kemerait
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Brian T. Scully
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Baozhu Guo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Crop Sciences, Central Research Institute for Dryland A, Saidabad P.O, Hyderabad, 500 059, Andra Pradesh, India

    B. Venkateswarlu

  2. Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Dept. Crop Sciences, Central Research Institute for, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, 500059, India

    Arun K. Shanker

  3. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Rajender Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India

    Chitra Shanker

  4. , Crop Sciences, Central Research Institute for Dryland A, Saidabad P.O, Hyderabad, 500 059, Andra Pradesh, India

    M. Maheswari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Guo, B., Yu, J., Ni, X., Lee, R.D., Kemerait, R.C., Scully, B.T. (2012). Crop Stress and Aflatoxin Contamination: Perspectives and Prevention Strategies. In: Venkateswarlu, B., Shanker, A., Shanker, C., Maheswari, M. (eds) Crop Stress and its Management: Perspectives and Strategies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2220-0_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation