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Western Pacific

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Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge

Part of the book series: World Forests ((WFSE,volume 12))

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Abstract

The forests of the Western Pacific range from tropical in Oceania to cool temperate in the Australian state of Tasmania, and all have been manipulated by humans for thousands of years. Indigenous communities across the Western Pacific used forest resources for food, medicine, and raw materials, based on an intimate knowledge of local ecologies, understood though a cosmological lens. Differing colonial histories have influenced the degree to which traditional knowledge has been retained and valued. New Zealand Maori and Aboriginal Australians lost their land and much associated knowledge, whereas customary forms of land tenure are largely intact across the oceanic Pacific, where traditional knowledge continues to underpin integrated systems of subsistence agriculture and forest use. Traditional forest-related knowledge is threatened by modernity across the Western Pacific, and its diminution has been linked with deforestation in the Pacific Islands, with calls by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and local people to replace large-scale commercial logging with more sustainable systems that give more credence to traditional knowledge. In Australia and New Zealand, indigenous people are partnering with government agencies to ensure their cultural values are adequately recognised and protected in publicly owned forests.

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Notes

  1. 1.

     Wallace’s Line is the boundary between two major biogeograhical provinces.

  2. 2.

     A term describing minority and often marginalised indigenous peoples encompassed within modern nation states (Manuel and Polsuns 1974).

  3. 3.

     Literally ‘belonging to no-one,’ i.e., indigenous systems of ownership of land and resources were not thought to exist and were not recognised.

  4. 4.

     Fiji’s population is approximately 44% Indian, descended from 60,000 indentured labourers brought over to work in the sugar cane plantations. Melanesians constitute less than half the population of New Caledonia, owing to the presence of a French penal colony in 1864 (Crocombe 1989). French Polynesia is characterised by a mixing of ethnic groups, with Polynesians constituting around 66% of the population.

  5. 5.

     See: http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/about-us/

  6. 6.

    In the Solomon Islands, the conflict of 1999–2003 led to a failed state and regional partners, including Australia, established the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to restore law and order and address the serious fiscal situation. Political unrest has occurred in PNG, and ethnic and political tensions are current in Fiji.

  7. 7.

     This term is used interchangeably with ‘indigenous knowledge,’ ‘traditional ecological knowledge,’ and ‘traditional forest-related knowledge.’

  8. 8.

     Austronesians are people with a shared ancestry belonging and belong to a widespread family of languages with a possible origin in Taiwan around 5,000 years ago (Bellwood et al. 1995).

  9. 9.

     Held by AIATSIS in their Aboriginal studies electronic data archive, but it is not currently active.

  10. 10.

     See http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp

  11. 11.

    Vanuatu was once known as the New Hebrides and managed jointly by the UK and France from 1880s until independence movements resulted in Vanuatu becoming a republic in 1980.

  12. 12.

    The Vanuatu Cultural Centre is a national statutory cultural heritage management body comprising all the major cultural heritage institutions apart from the National Archives. See http://www.vanuatuculture.org/.

  13. 13.

    See http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/en/

  14. 14.

     http://outbackspirit.com.au/

  15. 15.

    See http://traditionaltree.org/ for more information.

  16. 16.

    This department is responsible for administering the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, which protects Aboriginal heritage in New South Wales.

  17. 17.

    See http://www.fsc.org/ for information on the FSC.

  18. 18.

    See http://www.forestrystandard.org.au/ for information on the AFS.

  19. 19.

    http://aciar.gov.au/project/FST/2007/020

  20. 20.

    http://www.forestscience.unimelb.edu.au/research_projects/ACIAR_Projects/PNG_Project/Kgwan_Project.html

  21. 21.

    Tawap is an acronym formed from the names of the five clan groups: Thanikwithi People, Anathangayth People, Wathayn People, Alngith People and Peppan People.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Conservation Management, Vincentia, NSW, Australia

    Suzanne A. Feary

  2. Landmark Communications, Chapman, ACT, Australia

    David Eastburn

  3. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

    Nalish Sam

  4. Department of Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

    Jean Kennedy

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  1. Suzanne A. Feary
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  2. David Eastburn
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  3. Nalish Sam
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  4. Jean Kennedy
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Correspondence to Suzanne A. Feary .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Research & Development Branch, U.S. Forest Service, North Kent Street 1601, Arlington, 22209, Virginia, USA

    John A. Parrotta

  2. , American Indian Studies, The University of Arizona, E. Second Street 1103, Tuscon, 85721, Arizona, USA

    Ronald L. Trosper

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Feary, S.A., Eastburn, D., Sam, N., Kennedy, J. (2012). Western Pacific. In: Parrotta, J., Trosper, R. (eds) Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge. World Forests, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_11

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