Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

A Colour Atlas of Salmonid Diseases pp 73–98Cite as

Bacterial Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Bacterial infections comprise true obligate and opportunistic facultative pathogens. The distinction between ‘primary’, ‘facultative’ or ‘opportunistic’ cannot be taken too strictly as the virulence of the agent will determine its ability to overcome the host defences. Bacterial diseases are largely represented by Gram negative organisms and affect salmonids in fresh, sea water or both. A few important diseases of salmon and trout, both in fresh and sea water are caused by Gram positive bacteria. This chapter covers a wide range of bacterial diseases representing acute, chronic, systemic or localised infections affecting salmonids in fresh and sea water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

  • Apablaza P, Løland AD, Brevik ØJ, Iiardi P, Battaglia J, Nylund A (2013) Genetic variation among Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates from wild and farmed salmonids in Norway and Chile. J Appl Microbiol. doi:10.1111/jam.12121

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes ME, Brown ML (2011) A review of Flavobacterium psychrophilum biology, clinical signs, and bacterial cold water disease prevention and treatment. Open Fish Sci J 4:40–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardet JF, Kerouault B (1989) Phenotypic and genomic studies of Cytophaga psychrophila isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in France. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1796–1800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birbeck TH, Bordevik M, Frøystad MK, Baklien Å (2007) Identification of Francisella sp. from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Chile. J Fish Dis 30:505–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkbeck TH, Laidler LA, Grant AN, Cox DI (2002) Pasteurella skyensis sp. nov., isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:699–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birrell J, Mitchell S, Bruno DW (2003) Piscirickettsia salmonis in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Scotland. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 23:213–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohle H, Tapia E, Martínez A, Rozas M, Figueroa A, Bustos P (2009) Francisella philomiragia, a bacteria associated with high mortalities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage-farmed in Llanquihue lake. Arch de Med Vet 41:237–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley TM, Newcomer CE, Maxwell KO (1988) Epitheliocystis associated with massive mortalities of cultured lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. Dis Aquat Org 4:9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bricknell IR, Bruno DW, Stone J (1996) Aeromonas salmonicida infectivity studies in goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L). J Fish Dis 19:469–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW (1986a) Scottish experience with bacterial kidney disease in farmed salmonids between 1976 and 1985. Aquac Fish Manag 17:185–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW (1986b) Histopathology of bacterial kidney disease in laboratory infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Richardson, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 9:523–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW (1988) The relationship between auto-agglutination, cell surface hydrophobicity and virulence of the fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 51:135–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW (1990) Presence of a saline extractable protein associated with virulent strains of the fish pathogen, Renibacterium salmoninarum. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 10:8–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW (2004) Prevalence and diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in Scotland between 1990 and 2002. Dis Aquat Org 59:125–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Brown LL (1999) The occurrence of Renibacterium salmoninarum within vaccine adhesion components from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. and Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum. Aquaculture 170:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Munro ALS (1986) Observations on Renibacterium salmoninarum and the salmonid egg. Dis Aquat Org 1:83–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Munro ALS (1989) Immunity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry following vaccination against Yersinia ruckeri, and the influence of body weight and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) on the detection of carriers. Aquaculture 89:205–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1986) Histopathology, bacteriology and experimental transmission of a cold water vibriosis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 1:163–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Griffiths J, Mitchell CG, Wood BP, Fletcher ZJ, Drobniewski FA, Hastings TS (1998a) Pathology attributed to Mycobacterium chelonae infection among farmed and laboratory-infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 33:101–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Griffiths J, Petrie J, Hastings TS (1998b) Vibrio viscosus in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Scotland, field and experimental observations. Dis Aquat Org 34:161–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del-Pozo J, Crumlish M, Ferguson HW, Turnbull JF (2009) A retrospective cross-sectional study on “Candidatus arthromitus” associated rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE) in the UK. Aquaculture 290:22–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del-Pozo J, Turnbull JF, Crumlish M, Ferguson HW (2010a) A study of gross, histological and blood biochemical changes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE). J Fish Dis 33:301–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del-Pozo J, Turnbull JF, Ferguson HW, Crumlish M (2010b) A comparative molecular study of the presence of “Candidatus arthromitus” in the digestive system of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), healthy and affected with rainbow trout gastroenteritis. J Fish Dis 33:241–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draghi A, Bebak J, Daniels S, Tulman ER, Geary J, West AB, Popov V, Frasca S Jr (2010) Identification of Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus during a survey of charr production facilities in North America. Dis Aquat Org 89:39–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egidius E, Andersen K, Clausen E, Raa J (1981) Cold-water vibriosis or “Hitra disease” in Norwegian salmonid farming. J Fish Dis 4:353–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egidius E, Wiik R, Andersen KA, Hjeltnes B (1986) Vibrio salmonicida sp. nov., a new fish pathogen. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36:518–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Loch TP, Fujimoto M, Woodiga SA, Eissa AE, Honeyfield DC, Wolgamood M, Walker ED, Marsh TL (2011) Characterization of novel Flavobacterium spp. Involved in the mortality of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in their early life stages. Aquac Res Dev S2:005. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.S2-005

    Google Scholar 

  • Fryer JL, Hedrick RP (2003) Piscirickettsia salmonis: a gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen of fish. J Fish Dis 26:251–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holten-Andersen L, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K (2012) Baltic salmon, Salmo salar, from Swedish river Lule Älv is more resistant to furunculosis compared to rainbow trout. PLoS One 7(1):e29571. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeling SE, Johnston C, Wallis R, Brosnahan CL, Gudkovs N, McDonald WL (2012) Development and validation of real-time PCR for the detection of Yersinia ruckeri. J Fish Dis 35:119–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loch TP, Kumar R, Xu W, Faisal M (2011) Carnobacterium maltaromaticum infections in feral Oncorhynchus spp. (Family Salmonidae) in Michigan. J Microbiol 49:703–713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lunder T (1992) “Winter ulcer” in Atlantic salmon: a study of pathological changes, transmissibility and bacterial isolates. Dr. Scient. thesis. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauel MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Fryer JL (1996) Development of polymerase chain reaction assays for detection, identification, and differentiation of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Dis Aquat Org 26:189–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell SO, Rodger HD (2011) A review of infectious gill diseases in marine salmonid fish. J Fish Dis 34:411–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell SO, Steinum T, Holland C, Rodger H, Colquhoun DJ (2010) Epitheliocystis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farmed in fresh water in Ireland is associated with “Candidatus Clavochlamydia salmonicola” infection. J Fish Dis 33:665–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nese L, Enger Ø (1993) Isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida from salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis and marine plankton. Dis Aquat Org 16:79–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsen H, Johansen R, Colquhoun DJ, Kaada I, Bottolfsen K, Vågnes Ø, Olsen AB (2011) Flavobacterium psychrophilum associated with septicaemia and necrotic myositis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: a case report. Dis Aquat Org 97:37–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak BF, La Patra S (2006) Epitheliocystis in fish. J Fish Dis 29:573–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oidtmann B, Verner-Jeffreys D, Pond M, Peeler EJ, Noguera PA, Bruno DW, LaPatra SE, St-Hilaire S, Schubiger CB, Snekvik K, Crumlish M, Green DM, Metselaar M, Rodger H, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Galeotti M, Feist SW (2013) Differential characterisation of emerging skin diseases of rainbow trout – a standardised approach to capturing disease characteristics and development of case definitions. J Fish Dis. doi:10.1111/jfd.12086

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen AB, Nilsen H, Sandlund N, Mikkelsen H, Sørum H, Colquhoun DJ (2011) Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 94:189–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostland VE, Byrne PJ, Hoover G, Ferguson HW (2000) Necrotic myositis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): proteolytic characteristics of a crude extracellular preparation from Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis 23:329–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacha RE, Porter S (1968) Characteristics of myxobacteria isolated from the surface of freshwater fish. Appl Microbiol 16:1901–1906

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poppe T, Håstein T, Salte R (1985) ‘Hitra disease’ (haemorrhagic syndrome) in Norwegian salmon farming: present status. In: Ellis AE (ed) Fish shellfish pathology. Academic Press, London, pp 223–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Powel P, Carson J, van Gelderen R (2004) Experimental induction of gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts with Tenacibaculum maritimum. Dis Aquat Org 61:179–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes LD, Rice CA, Greene CM, Teel DJ, Nance SL, Moran P, Durkin CA, Gezhegne SB (2011) Nearshore ecosystem predictors of a bacterial infection in juvenile Chinook salmon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 432:161–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez L, Gallardo C, Acosta F, Nietop P, Real F (1998) Hafnia alvei as an opportunistic pathogen causing mortality in brown trout, Salmo trutta. J Fish Dis 21:365–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Posthaus H, Polkinghorne A, Nufer L, Schifferli A, Zimmerman D, Segner H, Steiner P, Vaughan L (2011) A natural freshwater origin for two chlamydial species, Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavochlamydia salmonicola, causing mixed infections in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta). Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02670.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sørum H, Poppe TT, Olsvik Ø (1988) Plasmids in Vibrio salmonicida isolated from salmonids with haemorrhagic syndrome (Hitra disease). J Clin Microbiol 26:1679–1683

    Google Scholar 

  • Starliper CE (2010) Bacterial coldwater disease of fishes caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Adv Res 2:97–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinum T, Kvellestad A, Colquhoun D, Heum M, Mohammad S, Grøndtvedt RN, Falk K (2010) Microbial studies of proliferative gill inflammation in Norwegian salt water reared Atlantic salmon. Dis Aquat Org 91:201–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toenshoff E, Kvellestad A, Mitchell SO, Steinum TM, Falk K, Colquhoun DJ, Horn M (2012) A novel Betaproteobacterial agent of gill epitheliocystis in salt water farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). PLoS One 7(3):e32696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone 0032696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verner-Jeffreys DW, Algoet M, Feist SW, Bateman K, Peeler EJ, Branson EJ (2006) Studies on red mark syndrome. Finfish News 1:19–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Verner-Jeffreys DW, Pond MJ, Peeler EJ, Rimmer GSE, Oidtmann B, Way K, Mewett J, Jeffrey K, Batemann K, Reese RA, Feist SW (2008) Emergence of cold water strawberry disease of rainbow trout Oncorynchus mykiss in England and Wales: outbreak investigations and transmission studies. Dis Aquat Org 79:207–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund T, Madsen L, Bruun MS, Dalsgaard I (2000) Detection of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from fish tissue and water samples by PCR amplification. J Appl Microbiol 88:299–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yañez AJ, Valenzuela K, Silva H, Retamales J, Romero A, Enriquez R, Figueroa J, Claude A, Gonzalez J, Avendaño-Herrera R, Carcamo JG (2012) Broth medium for the successful culture of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. Dis Aquat Org 97:197–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zamora L, Vela AI, Palacios MA, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF (2012) First isolation and characterization of Chryseobacterium shigense from rainbow trout. BMC Vet Res 8:77–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zerihun MA, Nilsen H, Hodeland S, Colquhoun DJ (2011) Mycobacterium salmoniphilum infection in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 34:769–781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK

    David W. Bruno & Patricia A. Noguera

  2. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway

    Trygve T. Poppe

Authors
  1. David W. Bruno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patricia A. Noguera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Trygve T. Poppe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bruno, D.W., Noguera, P.A., Poppe, T.T. (2013). Bacterial Diseases. In: A Colour Atlas of Salmonid Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2010-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation