Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evidence-based Anticancer Materia Medica for Brain Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Materia Medica for Various Cancers

Part of the book series: Evidence-based Anticancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine ((ACAM,volume 2))

  • 734 Accesses

Abstract

Brain tumors encompass a group of tumors with varying degrees of response to conventional treatments. Glioblastomas are the deadliest and most common form of brain tumors. These are very aggressive and have a very poor survival rate. In addition to the poor survival rate in brain tumors, the current modes of therapy are laden with severe and debilitating side effects. The unique presence of blood–brain barrier in brain tumors makes its treatment more difficult as most of the currently used drugs do not cross this barrier and reach the tumor cells. Further, the inflammation and edema induced by chemotherapy by stimulation of eicosanoid producing enzymes, such as COX-2, the inaccessibility of the tumors for surgery add to the problem. These problems call for the identification of novel compounds for the treatment of brain tumors. A number of plant products are found to have anticancer activities and are capable of reducing the side effects of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Even though some of these are already in use for treatment of other cancers and have shown promise in Phase I and II brain tumor clinical trials, no product has so far been cleared by US FDA to be a potential treatment drug for brain tumors. This is mainly due to the lack of well-designed studies, lack of knowledge of the multiple targets of action of these drugs, its side effects and interaction with the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies focus on the mechanism of action and the results show the action to mainly fall in the categories of antioxidant, induction of programmed cell death, regulation of various cellular pathways and stimulation of immune response activities. No solid data is available to support the notion that the antioxidant activity can interfere with radiotherapy. The same is the case with other side effects. However, some patients respond better when herbal products are used as adjuvant therapy and hence it is advised by many oncologists. The wide gap in the knowledge in the use of herbal therapy calls for more focused and dedicated research on these products as main line or adjuvant treatments for brain tumors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggarwal BB, Bhardwaj A, Aggarwal SS, Seeram NP, Shishodia SS, Takada YI (2004) Role of resveratrol in prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res 24:2783–2840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida L, Vaz-da-Silva M, Falcao A, Soares E, Cos R, Loureiro Al et al (2009) Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:S7–S15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society - Quercetin. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/DietandNutrition/quercetin, downloaded 25 August 2011.

  • Ammon HP (2006) Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Med 72:1100–1116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JJ, Ambrose WW, Garner SC (1998) Biphasic effects of genistein on bone tissue in the ovariectomized, lactating rat model. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217:345–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annabi B, Rojas-Sutterlin S, Laroche M, Lachambre MP, Moumdjian R, Béliveau R (2008) The diet-derived sulforaphane inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9-activated human brain microvascular endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:692–700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antony B, Merina B, Iyer VS, Judy N, Lennertz K, Joyal S (2008) A pilot cross-over study to evaluate human oral bioavailability of bcm-95cg (biocurcumax), a novel bioenhanced preparation of curcumin. Indian J Pharm Sci 70:445–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki H, Takada Y, Kondo S, Sawaya R, Aggarwal BB, Kondo Y (2007) Evidence that curcumin suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo through induction of autophagy: role of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathways. Mol Pharmacol 72:29–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong TS, Gilbert MR (2008) Use of complementary and alternative medical therapy by patients with primary brain tumors. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 8:264–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atluru D, Jackson TM, Atluru S (1991) Genistein, a selective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits interleukin-2 and leukotriene B4 production from human mononuclear cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 59:379–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Attia A, Case LD, D’Agostino R Jr, Lesser GJ, McMullen K, Naughton MJ et al (2010) Phase II study of Ginkgo biloba in irradiated brain tumor survivors: effects on quality of life (QOL), mood, and cognitive function. J Clin Oncol 28:e12523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baba T, Chio CC, Black KL (1992) The effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on blood-brain barrier permeability in experimental brain tumors. J Neurosurg 77:403–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baliga MS, Meleth S, Katiyar SK (2005) Growth inhibitory and antimetastatic effect of green tea polyphenols on metastasis-specific mouse mammary carcinoma 4 T1 cells in vitro and in vivo systems. Clin Cancer Res 11:1918–1927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S, Padhye S, Azmi A, Wang Z, Philip PA, Kucuk O et al (2010) Review on molecular and therapeutic potential of thymoquinone in cancer. Nutr Cancer 62:938–946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bangaru ML, Chen S, Woodliff J, Kansra S (2010) Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) induces apoptosis and blocks migration of human medulloblastoma cells. Anticancer Res 30:499–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann S, Fas SC, Giaisi M, Müller WW, Merling A, Gülow K et al (2008) Wogonin ­preferentially kills malignant lymphocytes and suppresses T-cell tumor growth by inducing PLC gamma1- and Ca2  +  -dependent apoptosis. Blood 111:2354–2363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baur JA, Sinclair DA (2006) Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:493–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beevers CS, Chen L, Liu L, Luo Y, Webster NJ, Huang S (2009) Curcumin disrupts the mammalian target of rapamycin-raptor complex. Cancer Res 69:1000–1008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Stradi R, Urien S, Tillement JP, Bertelli A (1996) Kinetics of trans- and cis-resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) after red wine oral administration in rats. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 16:77–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs ML, Sorkin BC, Nahin RL, Kuller LH, Fitzpatrick AL (2010) Ginkgo biloba and risk of cancer: secondary analysis of the Ginkgo evaluation of memory (GEM) study. Pharmacoepide­miol Drug Saf 19:694–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block KI (2004) Antioxidants and cancer therapy; furthering the debate. Integr Cancer Ther 3:342–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böker D, Winking M, von Boswellia DR (1997) Säuren in der therapie maligner gliome. Dt Ärztebl 94:A1197–A1199

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahan MA, Walter KA, Colvin OM, Brem H (1994) Cytotoxicity of taxol in vitro against human and rat malignant brain tumors. Cancer Chemoth Pharm 33:441–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Liu X (2008) Inhibition of Thr-55 phosphorylation restores p53 nuclear localization and sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:16958–16963

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casnellie JE (1991) Protein kinase inhibitors: probes for the functions of protein phosphorylation. Adv Pharm 22:167–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers AJ, Ruff EM, Martindale C, Lovegrove N, Short SC (2009) Cytotoxic effects of temozolomide and radiation are additive- and schedule-dependent. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75:1511–1519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang ML, Adams JD (1997) Pharmacokinetics of intracerebroventricular t-BuOOH in young adult and mature mice. Mol Chem Neuropathol 31:73–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng G, Zhang X, Gao D, Jiang X, Dong W (2009) Resveratrol inhibits MMP-9 expression by up-regulating PPAR alpha expression in an oxygen glucose deprivation-exposed neuron model. Neurosci Lett 451:105–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chicoine MR, Silbergeld DL (1995) In vitro motility of human gliomas increases with increasing grade of malignancy. Cancer 75:2904–2909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi EJ, Lee BH (2004) Evidence for genistein mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in rat brain. Life Sci 75:499–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung CP, Park JB, Bae KH (1995) Pharmacological effects of methanolic extracts from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis and its flavonoids on human gingival fibroblasts. Planta Med 61:150–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung H, Jung Y, Shin DH, Lee JY, Oh MY, Kim HJ et al (2008) Anticancer effects of wogonin in both estrogen receptor-positive and -negative human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in nude mice xenografts. Int J Cancer 122:816–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole IB, Saxena PK, Murch SJ (2007) Medicinal biotechnology in the genus Scutellaria. In vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 43:318–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couldwell WT, Gopalakrishna R, Hinton DR, He S, Weiss MH, Law RE et al (1994a) Hypericin: a potential antiglioma therapy. Neurosurgery 35:705–710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couldwell WT, Hinton DR, He S, Chen TC, Sebat I, Weiss MH et al (1994b) Protein kinase C inhibitors induce apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines. FEBS Lett 345:43–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cragg GM, Kingston DGI, Newman DJ (2005) Anticancer agents from natural products. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Csaki C, Mobasheri A, Shakibaei M (2009) Synergistic chondroprotective effects of curcumin and resveratrol in human articular chondrocytes: inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappa B-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Arthritis Res Ther 11:R165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das A, Banik NL, Ray SK (2007) Garlic compounds generate reactive oxygen species leading to activation of stress kinases and cysteine proteases for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells. Cancer 110:1083–1095

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das A, Banik NL, Ray SK (2010) Flavonoids activated caspases for apoptosis in human ­glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells but not in human normal astrocytes. Cancer 116:164–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deeb D, Xu YX, Jiang H, Gao X, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA et al (2003) Curcumin (diferuloyl-methane) enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2:95–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhandapani KM, Mahesh VB, Brann DW (2007) Curcumin suppresses growth and chemoresistance of human glioblastoma cells via AP-1 and NFkappaB transcription factors. J Neurochem 102:522–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding H, Duan W, Zhu WG, Ju R, Srinivasan K, Otterson GA et al (2003) P21 response to DNA damage induced by genistein and etoposide in human lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305:950–956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton EA, Walle UK, Lewis AJ, Hudson T, Wilson AA, Walle T (1996) Flavonoids, potent inhibitors of the human P-form phenolsulfotransferase: potential role in drug metabolism and chemoprevention. Drug Metab Dispos 24:232–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhauer EA, Wainman N, Boos G et al (1994) Phase II trials of topotecan in patients with malignant glioma and soft tissue sarcoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 13:A488

    Google Scholar 

  • Elamin MH, Shinwari Z, Hendrayani SF, Al-Hindi H, Al-Shail E, Khafaga Y et al (2010) Curcumin inhibits the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway and triggers apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells. Mol Carcinog 49:302–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst E (2006) Herbal remedies for anxiety: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine 13:205–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst E, Cassileth BR (1998) The prevalence of complementary/alternative medicine in cancer. A systematic review. Cancer 83:777–782

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans SM (2004) Hypoxia is important in the biology and aggression of human glial brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res 15:8177–8184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang X, Shao L, Zhang H, Wang S (2005) CHMIS-C: a comprehensive herbal medicine information system for cancer. J Med Chem 48:1481–1488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farray D, Ahluwalia MS, Snyder J, Barnett GH, Cohen BH, Suh JH et al (2006) Pre-irradiation 9-amino [20s] camptothecin (9-AC) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Invest New Drugs 24:177–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fei Y, Xui L, Yi J, Zhang W, Zhang DY (2002) Anticancer activity of Scutellaria baicalensis and its potential mechanism. J Altern Complement Med 8:567–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2004) GLOBOCAN 2002: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide, version 2.0. IARC CancerBase No 5, IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Feun L, Savaraj N (2008) Topoisomerase I inhibitors for the treatment of brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8:707–716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fimognari C, Hrelia P (2007) Sulforaphane as a promising molecule for fighting cancer. Mutat Res 635:90–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischauer AT, Arab L (2001) Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. J Nutr 131:1032S–1040S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox S, Lantz C (1998) The brain tumor experience and quality of life: a qualitative study. J Neurosci Nurs 30:245–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox S, Laws ER Jr, Anderson F Jr, Farace E (2006) Complementary therapy use and quality of life in persons with high-grade gliomas. J Neurosci Nurs 38:212–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank A, Unger M (2006) Analysis of frankincense from various Boswellia species with inhibitory activity on human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after automated on-line extraction. J Chromatogr A 1112:255–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman HS, Petros WP, Friedman AH, Schaaf LJ, Kerby T, Lawyer J et al (1999) Irinotecan therapy in adults with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 17:1516–1525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiki H (2005) Green tea: health benefits as cancer preventive for humans. Chem Rec 5:119–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao X, Xu YX, Divine G, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA, Gautam SC (2002) Disparate in vitro and in vivo antileukemic effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound found in grapes. J Nutr 132:2076–2081

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser T, Winter S, Groscurth P, Safayhi H, Sailer EH, Ammon HPT et al (1999) Boswellic acids and malignant glioma: induction of apoptosis but no modulation of drug sensitivity. Br J Cancer 80:756–765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg DM, Yan J, Soleas GJ (2003) Absorption of three wine-related polyphenols in three different matrices by healthy subjects. Clin Biochem 36:79–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald P (2002) Cancer chemoprevention. BMJ 324:714–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman SA, Carson KA, Phuphanich S, Batchelor T, Peereboom D, Nabors LB, Lesser G, Hausheer F (2008) Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of karenitecin in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. Neuro Oncol 10:608–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber ML, Buster WP (2004) Temozolomide in combination with irinotecan for treatment of recurrent malignant glioma. Am J Clin Oncol 27:33–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo TL, Germolec DR, Musgrove DL, Delcios KB, Newbold RR, Weis C, White KL (2005) Myelotoxicity in genistein-, nonylphenol-, methoxychlor-, vinclozolin-, or ethinyl estradiol-exposed F1 generations of sprague-dawley rats following developmental and adult exposures. Toxicology 211:207–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta V, Su YS, Wang W, Kardosh A, Liebes LF, Hofman FM et al (2006) Enhancement of glioblastoma cell killing by combination treatment with temozolomide and tamoxifen or hypericin. Neurosurg Focus 20:E20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurung RL, Lim SN, Khaw AK, Soon JF, Shenoy K, Mohamed Ali S et al (2010) Thymoquinone induces telomere shortening, DNA damage and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 5:e12124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanske L, Loh G, Sczesny S, Blaut M, Braune A (2009) The bioavailability of Apigenin-7-Glucoside is influenced by human intestinal microbiota in rats. J Nutr 139:1095–1102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heese O, Schmidt M, Nickel S, Berger H, Goldbrunner R, Tonn JC et al (2010) Complementary therapy use in patients with glioma. An observational study. Neurology 75:2229–2235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heimans JJ, Vermorken JB, Wolbers JG, Eeltink CM, Meijer OWM, Taphoorn MJB, Beijne JH (1994) Paclitaxel (TAXOL) concentrations in brain tumor tissue. Ann Oncol 5:951–953

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hochberg F, Grossman SA, Mikkelsen T, Glantz M, Fisher JD, Piantadosi S (2000) Lack of efficacy of 9-aminocamptothecin in adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent high-grade astrocytoma. NABTT CNS Consortium. Neuro-Oncol 2:29–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holick CN, Michaud DS, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Mayne ST, Pietinen P, Taylor PR et al (2002) Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 156:536–547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holick CN, Smith SG, Giovannucci E, Michaud DS (2010) Coffee, tea, caffeine intake, and risk of adult glioma in three prospective cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:39–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hostanska K, Daum G, Saller R (2002) Cytostatic and apoptosis inducing activity of boswellic acids toward malignant cell lines in vitro. Anticancer Res 22:2853–2862

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hostanska K, Reichling J, Bommer S, Weber M, Saller R (2003) Hyperforin a constituent of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) extract induces apoptosis by triggering activation of caspases and with hypericin synergistically exerts cytotoxicity towards human malignant cell lines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 56:121–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Sun CY, Huang J, Hong L, Zhang L, Chu ZB (2007) Antimyeloma effects of resveratrol through inhibition of angiogenesis. Chin Med J 120:1672–1677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang WH, Lee AR, Yang CH (2006) Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of polyhydroxyflavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:2371–2380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikezoe T, Chen S, Saito T, Asou H, Kyo T, Tanosaki S et al (2003) PC-SPES decreases proliferation and induces differentiation and apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Oncol 23:1203–1211

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakubowicz-Gil J, Langner E, Wertel I, Piersiak T, Rzeski W (2010) Temozolomide, quercetin and cell death in the MOGGCCM astrocytoma cell line. Chem Biol Interact 188:190–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, Slowing KV, Thomas CF, Beecher CWW et al (1997) Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 275:218–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen G, Bode U, Breu H, Dohrn B, Engelbrecht V, Gobel U (2000) Boswellic acids in the ­palliative therapy of children with progressive or relapsed brain tumors. Klin Padiatr 212:189–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang H, Shang X, Wu H, Huang G, Wang Y, Al-Holou S, Gautam SC, Chopp M (2010) Combination treatment with resveratrol and sulforaphane induces apoptosis in human U251 Glioma cells. Neurochemical Res 35:152–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang H, Zhang L, Kuo J, Kuo K, Gautam SC, Groc L et al (2005) Resveratrol-induced apoptotic death in human U251 glioma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 4:554–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joe AK, Liu H, Suzui M, Vural ME, Xiao D, Weinstein IB (2002) Resveratrol induces growth inhibition, S-phase arrest, apoptosis and changes in biomarker expression in several human cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 8:893–903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshee N, Parajuli P, Medina-Bolivar F, Rimando AM, Yadav AK (2010) Scutellaria biotechnology: achievements and future prospects. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 67:24–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang SS, Han KS, Ku BM, Lee YK, Hong J, Shin HY et al (2010) Caffeine-mediated inhibition of calcium release channel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor subtype 3 blocks glioblastoma invasion and extends survival. Cancer Res 70:1173–1183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmarkar S, Weinberg MS, Banik NL, Patel SJ, Ray SK (2006) Activation of multiple molecular mechanisms for apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells treated with sulforaphane. Neuroscience 141:1265–1280

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy AR (1995) The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents. J Nutr 123:733–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemper EM, Boogerd W, Thuis I, Beijnen JH, Van Tellingen O (2004) Modulation of the blood-barrier in oncology: therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of brain tumors? Cancer Treat Rev 30:415–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy DO, Wightman EL, Reay JL (2010) Effects of resveratrol on cerebral blood flow variables and cognitive performance in humans; a double- blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. Am J Clin Nutr 91:1590–1597

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khoshyomn S, Nathan D, Manske GC, Osler TM, Penar PL (2002) Synergistic effect of genistein and BCNU in growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of glioblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 57:193–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiewert C, Kumar V, Hildmann O, Rueda M, Hartmann J, Naik RS et al (2007) Role of GABAergic antagonism in the neuroprotective effects of bilobalide. Brain Res 1128:70–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Kwn O (2009) Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the food and drug administration’s evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 89:257–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DJ, Seck SH, Baaek MW, Lee YH, Na YR, Park SH et al (2009) Developmental toxicity and brain aromatase induction by high genistein concentrations in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Mech Methods 19:251–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura Y, Okuda H (2001) Resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum root prevents tumor growth and metastasis to lung and tumor-induced neovascularization in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. J Nutr 131:1844–1849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kipling R (1910) ‘‘Our Fathers of Old’’ in Rewards and Fairies. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotha A, Sekharam M, Cilenti L, Siddiquee K, Khaled A, Zervos AS et al (2006) Resveratrol inhibits Scr and Stat3 signaling and induces the apoptosis of malignant cells containing activated Stat3 protein. Mol Cancer Ther 5:621–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumi-Diaka J, Nguyen VA, Butler A (1999) Cytotoxic potential of the phytochemical genistein isoflavone (4′,5′,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and certain environmental chemical compounds on testicular cells. Biol Cell 91:515–523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzuhara T, Suganuma M, Fujiki H (2008) Green tea catechin as a chemical chaperone in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 261:12–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labbé D, Provençal M, Lamy S, Boivin D, Gingras D, Béliveau R (2009) The flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin inhibit hepatocyte growth factor-induced medulloblastoma cell migration. J Nutr 139:646–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagas JS, Van Waterschoot RA, Van Tilburg VA, Hillebrand MJ, Lankheet N, Rosing H et al (2009) Brain accumulation of dasatinib is restricted by P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and can be enhanced by elacridar treatment. Clin Cancer Res 15:2344–2351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin F et al (2006) Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha. Cell 127:1109–1122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landier W, Kinahan KE, Shaw S, Bhatia S (2009) Screening for late effects in brain tumour survivors in Late Effects of treatment for brain tumors. Cancer Treat Res 150:399–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Lao CD, Ruffin MT IV, Normolle D, Heath DD, Murray SI, Bailey JM et al (2006) Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement Altern Med 6:10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Learner I, Kennedy B (1992) The prevalence of questionable methods of cancer treatment in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin 42:181–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YK, Bone ND, Strege AK, Shanafelt TD, Jelenek DF, Kay NE (2004) VEGF receptor phosphorylation status and apoptosis is modulated by a green tea component, epigallocatehcin-3-gallate (EGCG), in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 104:788–794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Yee JA, McGuire MH, Murphy PA, Yan L (1999) Soybean isoflavones reduce experimental metastasis in mice. J Nutr 129:1628–1635

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zhang T, Korkaya H, Liu S, Lee HF, Newman B et al (2010) Sulforaphane, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts, inhibits breast cancer stem cells. Clin Cancer Res 16:2580–2590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JJ, Huang TS, Cheung WF, Lu FJ (2003) Baicalein and baicalin are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis: inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Int J Cancer 106:559–565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockman PR, Mittapalli RK, Taskar KS, Rudraraju V, Gril B, Bohn KA et al (2010) Heterogeneous blood-tumor barrier permeability determines drug efficacy in experimental brain metastases of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 16:5664–5678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu HF, Chie YJ, Yang MS, Lu KW, Fu JJ, Yang JS et al (2011) Apigenin induces apoptosis in human lung cancer H460 cells through caspase and mitochondria dependent pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol 30:1053–1061

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunenburger H, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Lechtape B, Fruhwald MC (2010) Systematic analysis of the antiproliferative effects of novel and standard anticancer agents in rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 21:514–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lustig R, Mikkelsen T, Lesser G, Grossman S, Ye X, Desideri S, Fisher J, Wright J (2008) The new approaches to brain tumor therapy cns consortium. Phase II preradiation r115777 (tipifarnib) in newly diagnosed gbm with residual enhancing disease. Neuro Oncol 10:1004–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luwor RB, Kaye AH, Zhu HJ (2008) Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and brain tumors. J Clin Neuroscience 15:845–855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald D, Cairncross G, Stewart D, Forsyth P, Sawka C, Wainman N, Maloney D, Eisenhauer E (1996) Phase II study of topotecan in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. National Clinical Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann Oncol 7:205–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Maloney D (1998) The American association of oriental medicine’s complete guide to Chinese herbal medicine. The Berkley Publishing Group, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C (2005) Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81:230S–242S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez R, Schackert G, Yaya-Tur R, Rojas-Marcos I, Herman JG, Esteller M (2007) Frequent hypermethylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT in long-term survivors of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 83:91–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mc Cabe MJ Jr, Orrenius S (1993) Genistein induces apoptosis in immature human thymocytes by inhibiting topoisomerase II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 194:944–950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meins RK, Bastian B, Eckert G, Muller WE, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Abdel-Tawab M (2005) Determination of boswellic acids in brain and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 77:6640–6645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng X, Maliakal P, Lu H, Lee MJ, Yang CS (2004) Urinary and plasma levels of resveratrol and quercetin in humans, mice, and rats after ingestion of pure compounds and grape juice. J Agric Food Chem 52:935–942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messina MJ, Persky V, Setchell KD et al (1994) Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr Cancer 21:113–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikhaeil BR, Maatooq GT, Badria FA, Amer MM (2003) Chemistry and immunomodulatory activity of frankincense oil. Z Naturforsch 58:230–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirmiran A, McClay E, Spear MA (2007) Phase I/II study of IV topotecan in combination with whole brain radiation therapy for treatment of brain metastases. Medical Oncology 24:147–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris SM, Chen JJ, Domon OE, McGarrity LJ, Bishop ME, Manjunatha MG, Casciano DA (1998) p53 mutations and apoptosis in genistein-exposed human lymphoblasoid cells. Mut Res 405:41–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami A, Ashida H, Terao J (2008) Multitargeted cancer prevention by quercetin. Cancer Lett 269:315–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima S, Koike T, Nozawa Y (1991) Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits thromboxane A2-mediated human platelet responses. Mol Pharm 39:475–480

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Shader KM (2003) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002. J Nat Prod 66:1022–1037

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen TT, Tran E, Nguyen TH, Do PT, Huynh TH, Huynh H (2004) The role of activated MEL–ERK pathway in quercetin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 25:647–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nihal A, Vaqar MA, Farrukh A, Denise KF, Hasan M (2001) Resveratrol Causes WAF-1/p21-mediated G1-phase Arrest of Cell Cycle and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma A431 Cells. Clin Cancer Res 7:1466–1473

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DE, Boelen PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA (2001) Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 74:418–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niles RM, Cook CP, Meadows GG, Fu YM, McLaughlin JL, Rankin GO (2006) Resveratrol is rapidly metabolized in athymic (nu/nu) mice and does not inhibit human melanoma xenograft tumor growth. J Nutr 136:2542–2546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parajuli P, Mathupala SM, Mittal S, Sloan AE (2007) Dendritic cell-based active specific immunotherapy for malignant glioma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 7:439–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parajuli P, Joshee N, Chinni SR, Rimando AM, Mittal S, Sethi S et al (2011) Delayed growth of glioma by Scutellaria flavonoids involve inhibition of Akt, GSK-3 and NF-kB signalling. J Neuro-Oncology 101:15–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park YS, Lee JH, Harwalkar JA, Bondar J, Safayhi H, Golubic M (2002) Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) is cytotoxic for meningioma cells and inhibits phosphorylation of the extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1 and 2. Adv Exp Med Biol 507:387–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KR, Brown VA, Jones DJ, Britton RG, Hemingway D, Miller AS et al (2010a) Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 70:7392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KR, Brown VA, Jones DJ, Britton RG, Hemingway D, Miller AS et al (2010b) Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 70:392–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson G (1995) Evaluation of the biochemical targets of genistein in tumor cells. J Nutr 125:784S–789S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollina J, Plunkett RJ, Ciesielski MJ, Lis A, Greenberg SJ, Fenstermaker RA (1998) Intratumoral infusion of topotecan prolongs survival in the nude rat intracranial U87 human glioma model. J Neuro-Oncology 39:217–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KN, Cole WC, Kumar B, Che Prasad K (2002) Pros and cons of antioxidant use during radiation therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 28:9–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretner D, Amri H, Li W, Brown R, Lin CS, Makarious E et al (2006) Cancer-related over­expression of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and ­cytostatic anticancer effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Anticancer Res 26:9–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puli S (2006) Inhibition of matrix degrading enzymes and invasion in human glioblastoma (U87MG) cells by isoflavones. J Neurooncol 79:135–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puri T, Goyal S, Julka PK, Nair O, Sharma DN, Rath GK (2010) Lycopene in treatment of high-grade gliomas: a pilot study. Neurol India 58:20–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha S, Berliner A, Fernando SS, Ranasinghe B, Ray I, Rtariq H et al (2009) Curcumin blocks brain tumor formation. Brain Res 1266:130–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raschke M, Rowland IR, Magee PJ, Pool-Zobel BL (2006) Genistein protects prostate cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and induces expression of genes involved in the defence against oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 27:2322–2330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Régina A, Demeule M, Laplante A, Jodoin J, Dagenais C, Berthelet F et al (2001) Multidrug resistance in brain tumors: roles of the blood–brain barrier. Cancer and Met Rev 20:13–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson MA, Sanders T, Palmer JL, Greisinger A, Singletary SE (2000) Complementary/ ­alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer centre and the implications for oncology. J Clin Oncol 18:2505–2514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rugo H, Shtivelman E, Perez A, Vogel C, Franco S, Tan Chiu E et al (2007) Phase I trial and antitumor effects of BZL101 for patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 105:17–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russo M, Tedesco I, Iacomino G, Palumbo R, Galano G, Russo GL (2005) Dietary phytochemicals in chemoprevention of cancer. Curr Med Chem-Immun Endoc Metab Agents 5:61–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Suzuki T, Sonobe T (2001) Enhancement of the activity of doxorubicin by inhibition of glutamate transporter. Toxicol Lett 123:159–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safayhi H (2000) Workup-dependent formation of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory boswellic acid analogues. J Nat Prod 63:1058–1061

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salganik RI, Albright CD, Rodgers J, Kim J, Zeisel SH, Sivashinskiy MS et al (2000) Dietary antioxidant depletion: enhancement of tumor apoptosis and inhibition of brain tumor growth in transgenic mice. Carcinogenesis 21:909–914

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salom JB, Castello-Ruiz M, Perez-Asensio F, Burguele MC, Torregrosa G, Alborch E (2007) Acute effects of three isoflavone class phytoestrogens and a mycoestrogen on cerebral microcirculation. Phytomedicine 14:556–562

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheck AC, Perry K, Hank NC, Clark WD (2006) Anticancer activity of extracts derived from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant brain tumor cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 6:27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senft C, Polacin M, Priester M, Seifert V, Kögel D, Weissenberger J (2010) The nontoxic natural compound Curcumin exerts anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive properties against malignant gliomas. BMC Cancer 10:491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA, Ireson CR, Euden SA, Manson MM et al (2001) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1894–1900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla S, Gupta S (2010) Apigenin: a promising molecular for cancer prevention. Pharm Res 27:962–978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegelin MD, Reuss DE, Habel A, Rami A, von Deimling A (2009) Quercetin promotes degradation of survivin and thereby enhances death-receptor-mediated apoptosis in glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 11:122–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silber JR, Bobola MS, Ghatan S, Blank A, Kolstoe DD, Berger MS (1998) O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in adult gliomas: relation to patient and tumor characteristics. Cancer Res 58:1068–1073

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinn B, Tallen G, Schroeder G, Grassl B, Schulze J, Budach V et al (2010) Caffeine confers radiosensitization of PTEN-deficient malignant glioma cells by enhancing ionizing radiation-induced G1 arrest and negatively regulating Akt phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Ther 9:480–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song DH, Sussman DJ, Seldin DC (2000) Endogenous protein kinase CK2 participates in Wnt signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 275:23790–23797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD (1994) Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the lowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 139:1–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart CF, Leggas M, Friedman HS (2005) Campothecins in the treatment of primary brain tumors. In: Adams VR, Burke TG (eds) Campothecins in cancer therapy cancer drug discovery and development. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 343–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Streffer JR, Bitzer M, Schabet M, Dichgans J, Weller M (2001) Response of radiochemotherapy-associated cerebral edema to a phytotherapeutic agent, H15. Neurology 56:1219–1221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stupp R, van den Bent MJ, Hegi ME (2005) Optimal role of temozolomide in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 5:198–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stupp R, Hegi ME, Weller M (2010) Neuro-oncology, a decade of temozolomide and beyond. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 10:1675–1677

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tayarani-Najaran Z, Emami SA, Asili J, Mirzaei A, Mousaavi SH (2011) Analysing cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties of Scutellaria litwinowii root extract on cancer cell lines. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:160682

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CK, Levy RM, Elliot JC, Bumett B (2009) The effect of genistein aglycone on cancer and cancer risk: a review of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. Nutr Rev 67:398–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tham DT, Gardner CD, Haskell WL (1998) Clinical review 97: potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: a review of the clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2223–2235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tophkhane C, Yang S, Bales W, Archer L, Osunkoya A, Thor AD et al (2007) Bcl-2 overexpression sensitizes MCF-7 cells to genistein by multiple mechanisms. Int J Oncol 31:867–874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TH (2005) Concurrent measurement of unbound genistein in the blood, brain and bile of anesthetized rats using microdialysis and its pharmacokinetic application. J Chromatogr A 1073:317–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao AS, Kim ES, Hong WK (2004) Chemoprevention of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 54:150–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsao AS, Liu D, Martin J, Tang XM, Lee JJ, El-Naggar AK et al (2009) Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extract in patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions. Cancer Prev Res 2:931–941

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoef M, Hagen N, Pelletier G, Forsyth P (1999) Alternative therapy use in neurologic disease: use in brain tumor patients. Neurology 52:617–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidavalur R, Otani H, Singal PK, Maulik N (2006) Significance of wine and resveratrol in cardiovascular disease; French paradox revisited. Exp Clin Cardiol 11:217–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vingtdeux V, Dreses-Werringloer U, Zhao H, Davies P, Marambaud P (2008) Therapeutic potential of resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Neurosci 9 Suppl 2:S6

    Google Scholar 

  • Virgili M, Contestabile A (2000) Partial neuroprotection of in vivo excitotoxic brain damage by chronic administration of the red wine antioxidant agent, trans-resveratrol in rats. Neurosci Lett 281:123–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallerath T, Deckert G, Ternes T, Li H, Forstermann U (2002) Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin present in red wine, enhances the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 106:1652–1658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CJ, Chou MY, Lin JK (1989) Inhibition of growth and development of the transplantable C-6 glioma cells inoculated in rats by retinoids and carotenoids. Cancer Lett 48:135–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LD, Zhou Q, Feng CW, Liu B, Qi YJ, Zhang YR et al (2002) Intervention and follow-up on human esophageal precancerous lesions in Henan, northern China, a high-incidence area for esophageal cancer. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 29:S159–S172

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber CC, Reising K, Muller WE, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Abdel-Tawab M (2006) Modulation of Pgp function by boswellic acids. Planta Med 72:507–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei H, Wei L, Frenkel L, Bowen R, Barnes S (1993) Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced hydrogen peroxide formation in vitro and in vivo by genistein. Nutr Cancer 20:1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weingart JD, Thompson RC, Tyler B, Colvin M, Brem H (1995) Local delivery of the toposiomerase I inhibitor campothecin sodium prolongs survival in the rat intracranial 9 L gliosarcoma model. Int J Cancer 62:605–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen PY (2010) Therapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas: does continuous dose-intense temozolomide have a role? J Clin Oncol 28:1977–1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen PY, Kesari S (2008) Malignant gliomas in adults. N Engl J Med 359:492–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson LC, Baek SJ, Call A, Eling TE (2003) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) is induced by genistein through the expression of p53 in colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 105:747–753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winking M, Sarikaya S, Rahmanian A, Jodicke A, Boker DK (2000) Boswellic acids inhibit glioma growth: a new treatment option? J Neurooncol 46:97–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong ET, Berkenblit A (2004) The role of topotecan in the treatment of brain metastases. Oncologist 9:68–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia L, Chen D, Han R, Fang Q, Waxman S, Jing Y (2005) Boswellic acid acetate induces apoptosis through caspase-mediated pathways in myeloid leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Ther 4:381–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita Y, Sho-Zou K, Hirofumi N (1990) Induction of mammalian topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage by nonintercalative flavonoids, genistein and orobol. Biochem Pharm 39:737–744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano H, Mizoguchi A, Fukuda K, Haramaki M, Ogasawara S, Momosaki S et al (1994) The herbal medicine sho-saiko-to inhibits proliferation of cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis and arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Cancer Res 54:448–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama S, Hirano H, Wakimaru N, Sarker KP, Kuratsu J (2001) Inhibitory effect of epigallacatechin on brain tumor cell lines in vitro. Neuro Oncol 3:22–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z, Tang Y, Hu D, Li J (2005) Inhibitory effect of genistein on mouse colon cancer MC-26 cells involved TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 333:827–832

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamin LL, Filippi- chiela EC, Dillenburg-Pilla P, Horn F, Salbego C, Lenz C (2009) Resveratrol and quercetin co-operate to induce senescence-like growth arrest in C6 RT glioma cells. Cancer Sci 100:1655–1662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Tang L (2007) Discovery and development of sulforaphane as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical. Acta Pharmacol Sin 28:1343–1354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Anker L, Law RE, Hinton DR, Gopalakrishna R, Pu Q et al (1996a) Enhancement of radiosensitivity in human malignant glioma cells by hypericin in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2:843–846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Hinton DR, Surnock AA, Couldwell WT (1996b) Malignant glioma sensitivity to radiotherapy, high-dose tamoxifen, and hypericin: corroborating clinical response in vitro: case report. Neurosurgery 38:587–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Chen AY, Li M, Chen C, Yao Q (2008) Ginkgo biloba extract kaempferol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. J Surg Res 148:17–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao W, Entschladen F, Liu H, Niggemann B, Fang Q, Zaenker KS et al (2003) Boswellic acid acetate induces differentiation and apoptosis in highly metastatic melanoma and fibrosarcoma cells. Cancer Detect Prev 27:67–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zykova TA, Zhu F, Zhai X, Ma WY, Ermakova SP, Lee KW et al (2008) Resveratrol directly targets COX-2 to inhibit carcinogenesis. Mol Carcin 47:797–805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Prabha Balaram & Faizah Harun

Authors
  1. Prabha Balaram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Faizah Harun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Prabha Balaram .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Department of Clinical Oncology, Room 1305, 13/F, Block R, Gascoigne Road 30, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, People's Republic

    William C.S. Cho

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Balaram, P., Harun, F. (2012). Evidence-based Anticancer Materia Medica for Brain Tumors. In: Cho, W. (eds) Materia Medica for Various Cancers. Evidence-based Anticancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1983-5_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation