Abstract
This paper describes first the properties of Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta ADCs which make this type of converters attractive for low-power and high-bandwidth applications. Cascaded architectures are analyzed as a possible way to further improve the analog bandwidth. The limits towards nanometer technology integration are then described, showing how the time-encoding theory can be successfully applied to overcome them. Two different implementations are introduced (PWM-based and VCO-based), and some case-studies are given to support the theories. Conclusions are drawn, with emphasis on possible future development steps.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
CTSD Theory
J.A. Cherry, W.M. Snelgrove, Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators for High Speed A/D Conversion (Kluwer Academic, Boston, 2000)
L. Breems, J.H. Huijsing, Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulation for A/D Conversion in Radio Receivers (Kluwer Academic, Boston, 2001)
R. Schreier, G. Temes, Understanding Delta-Sigma Converters (IEEE Press, Hoboken, 2005)
L. Hernandez, A. Wiesbauer, S. Paton, A. Di Giandomenico, Modelling and optimization of low-pass continuous-time sigma-delta modulators for clock-jitter noise reduction, in Proceedings of 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Vancouver, May 2004, pp. 1072–1075
CTSD Examples
S. Paton, A. Di Giandomenico, L. Hernandez, A. Wiesbauer, T. Poetscher, M. Clara, A 70 mW 300 MHz CMOS continuous-time DS ADC with 15 MHz bandwidth and 11 bits of resolution. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 39(7), 1056–1063 (2004)
K. Philips, P.A.C.M. Nuijten, R.L.J. Roovers, A.H.M. van Roermund, F. Munoz Chavero, M. Tejero Pallares, A. Torralba, A continuous-time SD ADC with increased immunity to interferers. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 39(12), 2170–2178 (2004)
L. Doerrer, F. Kuttner, P. Greco, P. Torta, T. Hartig, A 3-mW 74-dB SNR 2-MHz continuous-time delta-sigma ADC with a tracking ADC quantizer in 0.13 μm CMOS. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 40(12), 2416–2627 (2005)
V. Quiquempoix, P. Deval, A. Barreto, G. Bellini, J. Márkus, J. Silva, G.C. Temes, A low-power 22-bit incremental ADC. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 41(7), 1562–1571 (2006)
G. Mitteregger, C. Ebner, S. Mechnig, T. Blon, C. Holuigue, E. Romani, A 20-mW 640-MHz CMOS continuous-time SD ADC With 20-MHz signal bandwidth, 80-dB dynamic range and 12-bit ENOB. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 41(12), 2641–2649 (2006)
S. Ouzonov, R. van Veldhoven, C. Bastianseen, K. Vongehr, R. van Wegberg, G. Geelen, L. Breems, A. van Roermund, A 1.2 V 121-mode CT SD modulator for wireless receivers in 90 nm CMOS, in Proceedings of ISSCC (2007), San Francisco, 2007, pp. 242–243
L. Breems, R. Rutten, R.H.M. van Veldhoven, G. van der Weide, A 56 mW CT quadrature cascaded SD modulator with 77-dB DR in a near zero-IF 20-MHz band. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 42(12), 2696–2705 (2007)
J. Sauerbrey, J. San Pablo Garcia, G. Panov, T. Piorek, X. Shen, M. Schimper, R. Koch, M. Keller, Y. Manoli, M. Ortmanns, A configurable cascaded continuous-time DS modulator with up to 15 MHz bandwidth, in Proceedings of the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), IEEE, San Jose, May 2010, pp. 426–429
Y. Ke, P. Gao, J. Craninckx, G. Van der Plas, G. Gielen, A 2.8-to-8.5 mW GSM/Bluetooth/UMTS/DVB-H/WLAN fully reconfigurable CT DS with 200 KHz to 20 MHz BW for 4 G radios in 90 nm digital CMOS, in Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits Conference, IEEE, 2010, pp. 153–154
M. Bolatkale, L.J. Breems, R. Rutten, K.A.A. Makinwa, A 4 GHz CD SD ADC with 70 dB DR and -74 dBS THD in 125 MHz BW, in Proceedings of ISSCC, San Francisco, Feb 2011, pp. 470–471
PWM-Based and VCO-Based Theory
E. Roza, Analog-to-digital conversion via duty-cycle modulation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 44(11), 907–914 (1997)
D.G. Holmes, T.A. Lipo, Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice (IEEE Press, Piscataway, 2003)
A.A. Lazar, L.T. Toth, Time encoding and perfect recovery of bandlimited signals, in International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings (ICASSP ’03), 2003 IEEE, vol. 6, Hong Kong, 6–10 Apr 2003, pp. VI−709–712
F. Colodro, A. Torralba, M. Laguna, Continuous-time sigma-delta modulator with an embedded pulsewidth modulation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 55(3), 775–785 (2008)
L. Hernandez, E. Prefasi, Analog-to-digital conversion using noise shaping and time encoding. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 55(7), 2026–2037 (2008)
F. Colodro, A. Torralba, New continuous-time multibit sigma-delta modulators with low sensitivity to clock jitter. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 56(1), 74–83 (2009)
M.H. Perrot, VCO-based wideband continuous-time sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters, in Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design, Graz, Apr 2010, pp. 177–203
L. Hernandez, A. Wiesbauer, Exploiting time resolution in nanometer CMOS data converters, in Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Paris, May 2010
F. Colodro, A. Torralba, Pulse-width modulation in sigma-delta modulators, in Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Paris, May 2010, pp. 1081–1084
PWM-Based and VCO-Based Examples
V. Dhanasekaran, Basedband analog circuits in deep-submicron CMOS technologies targeted for mobile multimedia, PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Aug 2008
L. Hernandez, E. Prefasi, E. Pun, S. Paton, A 1.2 MHz 10-bit continuous-time sigma-delta ADC using a time encoding quantizer. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 56(1), 16–20 (2009)
V. Dhanasekaran, M. Gambhir, M.M. Elsayed, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, J. Silva-Martinez, C. Mishra, L. Chen, E. Pankratz1, A 20 MHz BW 68 dB DR CT ΔΣ ADC based on a multi-bit time-domain quantizer and feedback element, in Proceedings of the Solid State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, IEEE, 2009, pp. 174–176
E. Prefasi, L. Hernandez, S. Paton, A. Wiesbauer, R. Gaggl, E. Pun, A 0.1 mm², wide bandwidth continuous-time SD ADC based on a time encoding quantizer in 0.13 μm CMOS. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 44(10), 2745–2754 (2009)
M. Park, M.H. Perrot, A 78 dB SNDR 87 mW 20 MHz bandwidth continuous-time DS ADC with VCO-based integrator and quantizer implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 44(12), 3344–3358 (2009)
J. Silva-Marinez, C.Y. Lu, M. Onabajo, F. Silva-Rivas, V. Dhanasekaran, M. Gambhir, Wideband continuous-time multi-bit delta-sigma ADCs, in Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design, Graz, Apr 2010, pp. 205–225
E. Prefasi, S. Paton, L. Hernandez, R. Gaggl, A. Wiesbauer, J. Hauptmann, A 0.08 mm², 7 mW time-encoding oversampling converter with 10 bits and 20 MHz BW in 65 nm CMOS, in Proceedings of ESSCIRC 2010, Sevilla, 2010
Others (Asynchronous, etc.)
S. Ouzonov, E. Roza, H. Hegt, G. van der Weide, A. van Roermund, An 8 MHz, 72 dB SFDR asynchronous sigma-delta modulator with 1.5 mW power dissipation, in Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits Conference, Honolulu, IEEE, 2004, pp. 88–91
S. Ouzonov, E. Roza, H. Hegt, G. van der Weide, A. van Roermund, Design of high-performance asynchronous sigma delta modulators with a binary quantizer with hysteresis, in Proceedings of the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), San Jose, IEEE, 2004, pp. 181–184
O. Oliaei, H. Aboushady, Jitter effects in continuous-time SD modulators with delayed return-to-zero feedback, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, The Hague, IEEE, 1998, pp. 351–354
J. Kim, T.-K. Jang, Y.-G. Yoon, S.H. Cho, Analysis and design of voltage-controlled oscillator based analog-to-digital converter. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 57(1, January), 18–30 (2010)
U. Wismar, D. Wisland, P. Andreani, A 0.2 V 0.44 uW 20 kHz analog to digital sigma delta modulator with 57 fJ/conversion FoM, in Proceedings of the 32nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2006, ESSCIRC 2006, Montreux, 19–21 Sept 2006, pp. 187–190
M.Z. Straayer, M.H. Perrott, A 12-Bit, 10-MHz bandwidth, continuous-time sigma-delta ADC With a 5-Bit, 950-MS/s VCO-based quantizer. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 43(4, April), 805–814 (2008)
J. Daniels, W. Dehaene, M. Steyaert, A. Wiesbauer, A 0.02 mm2 65 nm CMOS 30 MHz BW all-digital differential VCO-based ADC with 64 dB SNDR, in 2010 IEEE Symposium on VLSI circuits (VLSIC), Honolulu, 16–18 June 2010, pp. 155–156
G. Taylor, I. Galton, A mostly-digital variable-rate continuous-time delta-sigma modulator ADC. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 45(12), 2634–2646 (2010)
M. Hovin, A. Olsen, T.S. Lande, C. Toumazou, Delta-sigma converters using frequency-modulated intermediate values, in 1995 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS ’95, vol. 1, Seattle, 30 Apr–3 May 1995, pp. 175–178
L. Brooks, H.-S. Lee, A zero-crossing-based 8b 200MS/s pipelined ADC, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2007, ISSCC 2007, San Francisco, 11–15 Feb 2007, pp. 460–615
L. Hernández, E. Prefasi, Continuous time ΣΔ modulator based on digital delay loop and time quantisation. Electron. Lett. 46(25), 1655–1656 (2010)
B. Young, P.K. Hanumolu, Phase-locked loop based Δ-Σ ADC. Electron. Lett. 46(6), 403–404 (2010)
E. Prefasi, E. Pun, L. Hernandez, S. Paton, Second-order multi-bit ΣΔ ADC using a pulse-width modulated DAC and an integrating quantizer, in 16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, 2009. ICECS 2009, Hammamet, 13–16 Dec 2009, pp. 37–40
L. Hernandez, E. Pun, E. Prefasi, S. Paton, Continuous time sigma-delta modulator based on binary weighted charge balance. Electron. Lett. 45(9), 458–460 (2009)
M. Kurchuk, Y. Tsividis, Signal-dependent variable-resolution clockless A/D conversion with application to continuous-time digital signal processing. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 57(5), 982–991 (2010)
A.M. Soliman, M. Ismail, Phase correction in two-integrator loop-filters using a single compensating resistor. Electron Lett 14(12), 375–376 (1978)
S. Paton, T. Pötscher, A. Di Giandomenico, K. Kolhaupt, L. Hernandez, A. Wiesbauer, M. Clara, R. Frutos, Linearity enhancement techniques in low OSR, high clock rate multi-bit continuous-time sigma-delta modulators, in Proceedings of the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), San Jose, IEEE, 2004
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Di Giandomenico, A. et al. (2012). Oversampling Converters Beyond Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta for Nanometer CMOS Technologies. In: Steyaert, M., van Roermund, A., Baschirotto, A. (eds) Analog Circuit Design. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1926-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1926-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1925-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1926-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)