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Ecological Changes in Lake Biwa

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Book cover Lake Biwa: Interactions between Nature and People

Abstract

The ecosystem of Lake Biwa has been greatly affected by various kinds of human activities. The water level has been decreasing in the long run since a manmade weir was constructed at the sole outlet the Seta River in 1905 and the water level was artificially controlled. Reclamation of shallow attached lakes or naikos was conducted during the mid 1940s–1971 and led to the decrease in the water level. Levees along the lake shore, dams and enclosing bands on the river flowing into the lake were constructed during the 1970s–1990s, affecting adversely the spawning of the indigenous fishes. Changes in the water level control since 1992 have also affected the fish spawning. Invasive alien fishes, large mouth bass Micropterus sarmoides and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, invaded the lake in the mid 1960s and 1970s, respectively. Feeding on or competing with indigenous fishes and shrimps, the two fish species have propagated since the 1980s, and had adverse affects on the indigenous fish communities which in turn changed the food web structure of the lake. Various kinds of alien species, such as submerged macrophytes, emerged plants, floating leaved plants, invertebrates, fishes and tetrapods, have invaded and increased in the lake. Eutrophication occurred both in the littoral and off shore areas during the 1960s–1970s or 1980s, but it almost ceased and water quality recovered during 1990–2010. Recently, global warming does have an impact on the water regime and plankton community.

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  1. Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, 5-34 Yanaga-saki, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0022, Japan

    Machiko Nishino

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Correspondence to Machiko Nishino , Machiko Nishino , Masaru Tatsumi , Yasushi Sasaki , Hiroki Haga , Katsuki Nakai , Machiko Nishino , Kazuhide Hayakawa , Toshiyuki Ishikawa , Keiichi Kawabata , Noboru Okuda , Toshiyuki Ishikawa , Yoshihiro Azuma , Shigeo Tsujimura , Chunmeng Jiao or Kanako Ishikawa .

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  1. Lake Biwa Museum, Oroshimo 1091, Kusatsu, 525-0001, Shiga, Japan

    Hiroya Kawanabe

  2. Research Institute, Lake Biwa Environmental, Yanagasaki 5-34, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

    Machiko Nishino

  3. Lake Biwa Museum, Oroshimo 1091, Kusatsu, 525-0001, Shiga, Japan

    Masayoshi Maehata

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Nishino, M. (2012). Ecological Changes in Lake Biwa. In: Kawanabe, H., Nishino, M., Maehata, M. (eds) Lake Biwa: Interactions between Nature and People. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1783-1_3

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