Abstract
This paper examines the concept of environmental security and the relevance of governance frameworks (policies, laws, and institutions) for mitigating water scarcity and degradation concerns in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region (This region consists of Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen). The paper highlights the importance of governance frameworks that support meaningful risk assessment, policy analysis, strategic planning, and policy implementation in coordination with experts in the scientific community and other relevant stakeholders. The paper begins by providing a core definition of environmental security, which is affected by anthropogenic drivers categorized as resource demand, resource depletion, and resource degradation. It also offers a dynamic model for assessing security-relevant consequences that arise through the interaction of these drivers with natural events or conditions and population/technology concerns (collectively “environmental stressors”) within a local, national and regional economic, social, and political context. Under this model, anthropogenic triggers act directly or in combination with natural conditions or events to threaten security through a range of vectors. These consequences may escalate or interact – driven by social, political or economic factors – often in a nonlinear fashion. The author posits that governance frameworks may intervene within the broader economic, political and social context to minimize the cause, avoid the consequence, or prevent escalation. The magnitude and impact of any specific security threat depends on the ability of governance frameworks to avoid and/or respond. Those states with adequate governance frameworks are more likely to recognize environmental stresses and minimize their impact. Environmental security challenges will ultimately be met by states on the basis of their national priorities and traditions, but the author suggests that careful coordination by state officials with key civil society stakeholders and relevant members of the scientific community is needed to animate agencies that have not been traditional partners and to strengthen the legitimacy and efficacy of institutional responses.
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Acknowledgements
This paper is drawn in part from research conducted by the author as part of a project funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and in connection with the work of the Foundation for Environmental Security and Sustainability (FESS). Much of the background material herein was first published in Eric Dannenmaier, “Environmental Security and Governance in the Americas,” Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), Policy Paper No 01-4 (March 2001). The model at Fig. 2.1 and outline in Table 2.1 were designed by the author and early versions were first published in the FOCAL paper.
Input on the model at Fig. 2.1 was provided by participants in The Hague Conference on Environment, Security and Sustainable Development, at The Peace Palace, The Hague, The Netherlands May 9–12, 2004. The model was also discussed in relation to the Middle East and North Africa region at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop “Environmental Security: Water Security, Management and Control”, in Marrakech, Morocco, May 31–June 2, 2010. The author wishes to thank those who have commented on and helped to improve the ideas described in this chapter through each of these processes and dialogues. The author is also indebted to those who offered insights on this work during subsequent discussions with the Policy, Economics, and Law Working Group of the Richard G. Lugar Center on Renewable Energy at Indiana University/Purdue University in Indianapolis. He is also greatly indebted to the organizers of the Marrakech conference, and in particular Dr. Andrea Scozzari, for their insights and support. He also wishes to thank Stephanie Boxell and Melissa Buckley for their research and editorial assistance.
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Dannenmaier, E. (2011). Water Security: Identifying Governance Issues and Engaging Stakeholders. In: Scozzari, A., El Mansouri, B. (eds) Water Security in the Mediterranean Region. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1623-0_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1623-0_2
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