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Biomateriomics pp 299–356Cite as

Unlocking Nature: Case Studies

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Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 165))

Abstract

Defining the materiome consists of linking material properties and function across multiple scales, from nano to macro. The key to “unlocking” Nature is not the replication of biological materials, but full understanding of the mechanisms and material interactions that result in system-level functionality. Here, we look at two biological materials in detail: silk and bone. Silk—a high-performance polymer-like fiber—can be thought of as two phases synergetically acting together. The H-bonded β-sheet nanocrystals provide strength and toughness, while disordered semi-amorphous domains imbue extensibility.The resulting hyperelastic stiffening behavior is critical to the flaw tolerance and robustness of a spider’s web. Bone, in contrast, is a composite material made of relatively stiff mineral (hydroxyapatite) and compliant protein (tropocollagen) components. Bone achieves strength and toughness through a variety of mechanisms, including nanoconfinement, fibrillar sliding, and crack bridging. The general insights gained from the investigation of such systems can be applied a vast array of technological applications.

As the poet said, ‘Only God can make a tree’, probably because it’s so hard to figure out how to get the bark on.

Woody Allen, American Film director, actor, screenwriter

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Seemingly opposed to a “holistic” perspective stressed throughout this book, such a division is employed to separate a presumed composite behavior—similar to the separation of an ideal Kelvin–Voigt material into separate (but coupled) viscous and elastic components.

  2. 2.

    Being said, the maximum stress level, on the order of 1–2 GPa, is in quantitative agreement with results from experimental studies [7].

  3. 3.

    This is similar to the principle of optimal design of engineered composite structures which states that all layers must fail simultaneously; no material strength is left unused.

  4. 4.

    We recognize the absence of plasticity or other energy dissipative processes that could produce toughening in the vicinity of the crack front in this analysis.

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Cranford, S.W., Buehler, M.J. (2012). Unlocking Nature: Case Studies. In: Biomateriomics. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 165. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1611-7_8

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