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Foliar Endophytes of Spruce Species Found in the Acadian Forest: Basis and Potential for Improving the Tolerance of the Forest to Spruce Budworm

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Endophytes of Forest Trees

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 80))

Abstract

This chapter describes the likely role of foliar fungal endophytes of the some ecologically- and commercially important spruce species widespread in the Acadian forest. Based on paleobotanical, historical, and photogrammetric data from 1945 to the present, the nature of the Acadian forest is reviewed in relation to cyclical epidemics of the needle herbivore Choristoneura fumiferana. The population ecologist Dr. Tom Royama proposed that there might be a factor that influenced the probability of C. fumiferana epidemics by affecting population structure. This formed the theoretical basis for studies of foliar endophytes that produced toxins that affected the growth of C. fumiferana, as is the case of the foliar endophytes of cool season fescues and their insect pests. This resulted in the discovery of reservoirs of toxin-producing endophytes in superior trees throughout the Acadian forest. There are various genotypes of several cryptic species that produce mixtures of compounds that individually or together reduce C. fumiferana growth. Many of these natural products were new to science and have been demonstrated to be produced in the tree and to persist the infection at least for 10 years in the field. Unlike the cool-season endophytes, which are transmitted vertically, these endophytes are transmitted horizontally. With reforestation or afforestation either by seedlings produced in a greenhouse or from natural regeneration after fire, agriculture or forestry, the diversity of the endophytes in the stands has been reduced.

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Abbreviations

Btk:

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki

US EPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

PMRA:

Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency

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Acknowledgements

This work was inspired by a conversation with Prof. George Carroll and has been supported by J.D. Irving, Limited, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Atlantic Innovation Fund and the National Research Council (IRAP). Greg Adams of J.D. Irving Limited has been a valued research partner throughout. Professor Emeritus John Findlay and Professor Emeritus Norman J. Whitney provided much of the early foundation. Many graduate and undergraduate students, five post doctoral fellows and many J.D. Irving foresters and experts contributed to the work.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    J. David Miller

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  1. J. David Miller
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Correspondence to J. David Miller .

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  1. , Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa Biologintie A6, Oulu, 90570, Finland

    Anna Maria Pirttilä

  2. , School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, North Lake Road 5200, Merced, 95343, California, USA

    A. Carolin Frank

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Miller, J.D. (2011). Foliar Endophytes of Spruce Species Found in the Acadian Forest: Basis and Potential for Improving the Tolerance of the Forest to Spruce Budworm. In: Pirttilä, A., Frank, A. (eds) Endophytes of Forest Trees. Forestry Sciences, vol 80. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_15

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