Abstract
Accommodating multiple access to spectrum resources is fundamental to wireless networks. In many cases, these access mechanisms operate in the time dimension, sometimes in combination with adaptive selection of the operating frequency. Conventional time-based sharing mechanisms such as TDMA do not fit well with consumer usage, which is generally unstructured. Instead, self-organization based on distributed control is preferable for commodity wireless technologies.
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Notes
- 1.
Roberts [109].
- 2.
Its cousin is Detect And Avoid – it operates in the frequency domain.
- 3.
Actual throughput depends on the randomization factor as well as on protocol overhead.
- 4.
MCS31 in a 20 MHz channel.
- 5.
Known as the Unlicensed Information Infrastructure bands in the US.
- 6.
This list is an inclusive generalization; not all bands are available in all countries of the world. Support for other frequency bands – e.g. the TV White Space frequencies in the UHF band–is being developed.
- 7.
RTS/CTS is spectrally inefficient and it does not work in a static environment – see also Chap. 7, Sect. 7.6.
- 8.
See IEEE 802.11-2007, Clause 9, MAC sublayer, functional description.
- 9.
This type of sensing allows the 802.11 MAC to be spectrum etiquette compatible.
- 10.
See e.g. Tae-Suk [118].
- 11.
If multiple transmission events are taken into account together, differentiation between transmission errors and collisions becomes possible.
- 12.
See above, Sect. 6.2.1, under Basics.
- 13.
Under the rules of the EDCA and HCCA, a client can request the Access Point to reserve the medium for up to 8,192 μs.
- 14.
Much effort has been invested in developing such a mechanism, but success has been elusive. This should come as no surprise: the coordination effort has to take into account an infinite series of potential interfering BSSes. Operating each BSS on its own channel avoids this problem.
- 15.
In licensed systems, such central coordination is less complex because there is very little unpredictable interference.
- 16.
- 17.
These have been developed in 802.11 Task Groups 11 k and 11v.
- 18.
See Sect. 6.2.1, under Basics.
- 19.
See Camp [31].
- 20.
See e.g. Zhu [129].
- 21.
See Chap. 4, Sect. 4.2.2 for more details.
- 22.
Fairness in the context of medium access is a very difficult subject – if only because of the many ways in which medium utilization can be measured. See chapter 12.2.5, Fairness.
- 23.
See Xu and Saadawi [126].
- 24.
With such antennas, SNR improves linearly with the number of antenna elements. See also Liu and Li [87].
- 25.
An “exposed node” is a node prevented for transmitting, although that transmission would not interfere with the transmission for which it has to defer.
- 26.
- 27.
See Neufeld and Grunwald [99].
- 28.
The deafness issue may be considered a special case of RF coupling asymmetries that can interfere with protocol effectiveness. See also Chap. 7, Sect. 7.2 Legacy Wireless LANs.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
See 802.15.2-2003-Part 15.2: Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks with Other Wireless Devices Operating in Unlicensed Frequency Bands.
- 32.
Some saw it as yet another wireless standard that was destined to join other little used standards in the background of the industry standards scene.
- 33.
The actual difference in performance and spectral efficiency between these two modes of operation is subject to much debate. In general, the price paid for the improved flexibility offered by the TDD is a lower spectral efficiency.
- 34.
See also Chap. 7, Sect. 7.2.4 Frequency Sharing in the family.
- 35.
See also Chap. 11, Sect. 12.2.5 Fairness.
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Kruys, J., Qian, L. (2011). Medium Access Etiquettes and Protocols. In: Sharing RF Spectrum with Commodity Wireless Technologies. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1585-1_6
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