Abstract
The preceding chapter mentioned spectrum sharing many times and in some cases, some parameters and procedures. In order to further delineate our subject – dynamic sharing of license exempt spectrum – various ways of spectrum sharing must be described.
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Notes
- 1.
From ITU-R, Radio Regulations, Article 1, item 1.145: spurious emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information.
- 2.
From ITU-R, Radio Regulations, Article 1, item 1.144: out-of-band emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emission.
- 3.
Frequency Division Duplex – stations can simultaneously send and receive – on different frequencies.
- 4.
Time Division Duplex – station use the same frequency alternately for sending and receiving.
- 5.
The uplink band is at 5.8–6.4 GHz.
- 6.
- 7.
Time Division Multiple Access – it is variation of TDD mode.
- 8.
Wide band CDMA – the hybrid access mode of the 3G cellular systems.
- 9.
Known as IS-95 and IS-2000 in the US.
- 10.
See Abramson [8].
- 11.
Bluetooth can adjusts its frequencies of operation such that it avoids overlap with the frequencies used by a wireless LAN device.
- 12.
“Dynamic Frequency Selection”, see also Chap. 9.
- 13.
See Chap. 3, Sect. 3.2.
- 14.
Whether these restrictions invite illegal practices is another matter which falls outside the scope of this book.
- 15.
See e.g. Tanaka and Ohira [119].
- 16.
See for a practical example Gilbert [57].
- 17.
A pathloss exponent of 3.3 is equivalent to 10 dB pathloss per octave (10log23.3 ∼ 10).
- 18.
A pathloss exponent of 2 is equivalent to 6 dB pathloss per octave (10log22 ∼ 6).
- 19.
These are frequencies between 40 and 600 MHz that become available as broadcasters transition from analog to digital TV. See FCC 2008, Second Report and Order 08–260, ET docket No. 04-186.
- 20.
Examples of essential properties in this context are modulation scheme and medium access protocol.
- 21.
See Berlemann and Mangold [24], p. 45.
- 22.
This is the main reason why spectrum regulators typically limit the output power in frequency bands that are license exempt. Since propagation affects signal strength and therefore interference power exponentially, limiting RF power will in many cases limit the number of potential victims.
- 23.
Common Control Channels have been proposed many times, but few implementations exist – This form of sharing may well be attractive only in case all deployed devices are under the same owner or authority.
- 24.
See for more information http://www.sibeam.com/
- 25.
In home networks that depend on an ADSL or cable gateway, the limiting factor is typically the gateway, not the wireless LAN’s channel utilization.
- 26.
See Garetto et al. [52], August 28–September 2, 2005, Cologne, Germany.
- 27.
The idea of cognitive radio was first presented officially by Joseph Mitola III in a seminar at KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology, in 1998, published later in an article by Mitola and Gerald Q. Maguire, Jr in 1999. See also Mitola’s thesis: Cognitive Radio: Model based competence for software radios (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn = urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-970).
- 28.
See e.g. Murthy [98].
- 29.
See FCC 05-57 – Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies, page 5.
- 30.
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power – this measure gives the total power radiated equally in all directions by an ideal dipole antenna.
- 31.
Some Bluetooth designs implement “adaptive hopping which avoids interference with – and from – wireless LAN devices and other spectrum users.
References
N. Abramson, The ALOHA System - Another Alternative for Computer Communications, Proc. 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference.
L. Berlemann, S. Mangold, Cognitive Radio (Wiley, New York, 2009)
M. Garetto et al., Modeling media access in embedded two flow topologies of multihop wireless networks, Mobicom (2005)
J. Gilbert et al, A 4-GBPS Uncompressed Wireless HD A/V Transceiver Chipset, IEEE Micro Magazine (2008)
C. Murthy, Cognitive Radio: A (Biased) Overview (20060
H.Tanaka, T. Ohira, Beam-steerable Planar Array Antennas Using Varactor Diodes for 60-GHz-band Applications, 33 rd European microwave Conference, (Munich 2003)
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Kruys, J., Qian, L. (2011). Modes and Means of Spectrum Sharing. In: Sharing RF Spectrum with Commodity Wireless Technologies. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1585-1_4
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