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Photosynthesis pp 35–61Cite as

Origin, Evolution and Division of Plastids

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Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 34))

Summary

All living eukaryotic cells with mitochondria, and plastids if any, within their cytoplasm, are the result of two billion years of evolution. Both organelles are the result of two distinct endosymbioses. The increase in oxygen in the atmosphere supports the origin for mitochondria about 2.2 billion years ago, an origin probably due to a single invasion of a host cell by an α-proteobacterium-like organism. Plastids originated between 1.6 and 0.6 billion years ago as a result of a symbiotic association between a cyanobacterium and a mitochondriate eukaryote. This endosymbiotic event generated the green, red and blue algal lineages, which subsequently spread their chloroplasts when the new photosynthetic eukaryotes were, in their turn, engulfed by nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes (between, 1.2 and 0.55 billion years ago) generating more algal divisions. These symbiotic events would have been vain if the continuity of the newly acquired organelles had not been maintained. Since the first observations of chloroplast in the mid ninetieth century, progress made in microscopy techniques, during the first half of the twentieth century, demonstrated without ambiguity that this continuity is the result of division of pre-existing chloroplasts. Moreover, thanks to the completion of sequencing projects and the use of classical and reverse genetic approaches, it was then possible to show that the chloroplast division machinery is an evolutionary hybrid, which has retained the activity of several prokaryotically-derived proteins together with components that have evolved from proteins present in the eukaryotic ancestor.

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Abbreviations

ARC:

– Accumulation and replication of chloroplasts;

BDLP:

– Bacterial dynamin-like protein;

CFP:

– Cyan fluorescent protein;

DRP:

– Dynamin related protein;

Fts:

– Filamentous temperature sensitive;

LCA:

– Last common ancestor;

LGT:

– Lateral gene transfer;

LUCA:

– Last universal common ancestor;

MORN:

– Membrane occupation and recognition nexus;

PD ring:

– Plastid division ring;

TEM:

– Transmission electron microscopy;

YFP:

– Yellow fluorescent protein

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Acknowledgements

I acknowledge the support of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Ministère de l’Education Nationale (MEN) for a research grant (ACI DRAB 03/41, N° 03 5 90). I am grateful to Stéphane Lobreaux, Gabrielle Tichtinsky and Dominique Scheffel-Dunand for critical reading of the manuscript. Special thanks to Romage for his inspiring comments.

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  1. Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, iRTSV-LPCV, CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38054, France

    Denis Falconet

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  1. Dept. Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Julian J. Eaton-Rye

  2. School of Life Sciences, University of New Delhi, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

  3. Biochemistry Building 410, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA

    Thomas D. Sharkey

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Falconet, D. (2012). Origin, Evolution and Division of Plastids. In: Eaton-Rye, J., Tripathy, B., Sharkey, T. (eds) Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 34. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_2

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