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Fluorescence Emission from the Photosynthetic Apparatus

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Book cover Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 34))

Summary

Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae and cyanobacteria) use the energy of visible light to drive a highly complex and elaborate enzymic mechanism that decomposes water to oxygen, protons and electrons and reduces carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. Three classes of colored molecules, all complexed to protein, serve as entry points of visible light in the mechanism of photosynthesis: chlorophylls (Chls), carotenoids (Cars) and phycobilins (PBs). The most important is Chl a, not only because it is ubiquitous and the most abundant of all, but mainly because it is capable of donating a valence electron to an acceptor when it is electronically excited. As a matter of fact only few Chls a are photoactive, those in the reaction centers of photosystems (PS) I and II. The majority of them, and all the other pigments, are not photoactive. These non-photoactive pigments serve as light-harvesting antennae, absorbing photons and transferring excitation energy (EE) to reaction center Chls a and, also, in light protection by dissipating excessive EE as heat. While absorbed light energy is used almost quantitatively for photosynthesis, about 3% of it is re-emitted as fluorescence and even smaller fractions as delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence. The emitted fluorescence, particularly that by Chl a, is very rich in information about the physical states and the interactions of emitter and sensitizer molecules. Information resides not only in their stationary absorption and fluorescence signals but more so in their time variations which reflect corresponding variations in the populations of excited chromophores and their quantum efficiencies as fluorescence emitters. The key reporter molecule is, of course, Chl a. Its fluorescence emission has been exploited extensively as a diagnostic tool for the mechanism of oxygenic photosynthesis from the moment of photon capture to that of dioxygen release from water; and also as a tool for assessing the productivity of individual plants, of plant communities and of ecosystems. The present chapter addresses these themes.

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Abbreviations

ANTM :

– Mobile peripheral antenna elements;

APC:

– Allophycocyanin;

Car:

– Carotenoid;

Chl:

– Chlorophyll;

EE:

– Excitation energy;

EET:

– Excitation energy transfer;

FCP:

– Fuc-Chl protein complex;

FI:

– Fluorescence induction;

FRAP:

– Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching;

Fuc:

– Fucoxanthin;

HSPCP:

– High-salt PCP;

hνPSI :

– Light absorbed more by PS I;

hνPSII :

– Light absorbed more by PS II;

LHC:

– Peripheral light-harvesting Chl – protein;

LHCI:

– LHCs of PS I;

LHCII:

– LHCs of PS II;

MFPCP:

– Main form PCP;

OCP:

– Orange Car protein;

PB:

– Phycobilin;

PBP:

– Phycobiliprotein;

PBS:

– Phycobilisome;

PC:

– Phycocyanin;

Pcb:

– Prochlorophyte Chl a/b-binding protein;

PCB:

– Phycocyanobilin;

PCP:

– Per–Chl a protein;

PE:

– Phycoerythrin;

PEB:

– Phycoerythrobilin;

PEC:

– Phycoerythrocyanin;

Per:

– Peridinin;

Pheo:

– Pheophytin;

PQ:

– Plastoquinone;

PSET:

– Photosynthetic electron transport;

PS I, PS II:

– Photosystem I, Photosystem II;

PSICAC :

– Core antenna complex of PS I;

PSICC :

– Core complex of PS I;

PSIICAC :

– Core antenna complex of PS II;

PSIICC :

– Core complex of PS II;

PSIIPAC :

– Peripheral antenna complex of PS II;

PSIIRC :

– Reaction center complex of PS II;

PSIPAC :

– Peripheral antenna complex of PS I;

PSIRC :

– Reaction center complex of PS I;

it also contains core antenna chlorophylls PUB:

– Phycourobilin;

PVB:

– Phycoviolobilin;

TMH:

– Transmembrane α–helix

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Acknowledgements

I thank Julian J. Eaton-Rye for inviting this chapter and for editing it; Govindjee for eding it; Shigerou Itoh for a generous gift of Acaryochloris marina culture; and Kostas Stamatakis for providing fluorescence induction data.

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  1. Institute of Biology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, 153 10, Greece

    George C. Papageorgiou

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  1. George C. Papageorgiou
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Correspondence to George C. Papageorgiou .

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  1. Dept. Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Julian J. Eaton-Rye

  2. School of Life Sciences, University of New Delhi, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

  3. Biochemistry Building 410, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA

    Thomas D. Sharkey

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Papageorgiou, G.C. (2012). Fluorescence Emission from the Photosynthetic Apparatus. In: Eaton-Rye, J., Tripathy, B., Sharkey, T. (eds) Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 34. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_18

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