Abstract
Severe cassava mosaic disease is associated with East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda variant (EACMV-UG) in association with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). A pseudorecombinant has also been associated with the pandemic. These begomoviruses occur in mixed infections and through synergism the virus titer increases thus resulting in a rich source of inoculum. The interaction of Bemisia tabaci with begomovirus-infected host plants is an important factor implicated in the severe cassava mosaic disease pandemic. Whitefly visual cues to the yellows of infected cassava plants could account for their orientation preference for infected over healthy plants. Based on epidemiological models, such preference with few infected plants could increase the rate of spread of the pathogen and a similar situation could result, if the orientation preference is for healthy plants in the presence of a higher population of infected plants. Disease spread dynamics is exacerbated with high population levels of the vector, which is influenced by an invasive genotype that is particularly fecund, as seen with several other pathosystems around the world and secondly, by plant responses to infection and other stress factors. Plant biochemical reactions to infection result in the availability of nutrients beneficial to the vector. Amino acids for example, have been seen in higher amounts in infected as opposed to healthy plants and with concomitant higher populations of whiteflies on the infected plants. Control measures found to be promising include the use of resistant varieties, use of healthy planting material and roguing. With continued spread of the pandemic these measures represent the epitome of control approaches.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdullah NMM, Singh J, Sohal BS (2006) Behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference of Bemisia tabaci on cotton. Pestic Biochem Phys 84:1–16
Almazan AM, Theberge RL (1989) Influence of cassava mosaic virus on cassava leaf vegetable quality. Trop Agr (Trinidad) 66:305–308
Bayhan E, Ulusoy MR, Brown JK (2006) Host range, distribution and natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci ‘B biotype’ (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) in Turkey. J Pest Sci 79:233–240
Berrie LC, Rybicki EP, Rey MEC (2001) Complete nucleotide sequence and host range of South African cassava mosaic virus: further evidence for recombination among begomoviruses. J Gen Virol 82:53–58
Bigirimana S, Barumbanze P, Obonyo R, Legg JP (2003) First evidence for the spread of East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) and the pandemic of severe cassava mosaic disease to Burundi. New Dis Rep 8:Aug–Jan
Bock KR (1983) Epidemiology of cassava mosaic in Kenya. In: Plumb RT, Thresh JM (eds.) Plant virus disease epidemiology. Blackwell, Oxford
Bock KR (1994) Control of African cassava mosaic geminivirus by using virus free planting material. Trop Sci 34:102–109
Brown JK (1994) Current status of Bemisia tabaci as a plant pest and virus vector in agro-ecosystems worldwide. FAO Plant Protect B 42:3–32
Chant SR (1958) Studies on the transmission of cassava mosaic virus by Bemisia spp (Aleyrodidae). Ann Appl Biol 46:210–215
Chant SR, Gbaja IS (1985) Effect of nutrition on the interaction of viruses and Fusarium oxysporum in tomato seedlings. Phytoparasitica 13:47–57
Childs AHB (1957) Trials with virus resistant cassava in Tanga Province, Tanganyika. East Afr Agr J 23:135–137
Chu CC, Henneberry TJ (1998) Development of a silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) trap. Recent Res Dev Entomol 2:47–54
Cock JH, Reyes JA (eds) (1985) Cassava research production and utilization cassava program. UNDP/CIAT, Cali
Colvin J, Omongo CA, Maruthi MN, Otim-Nape GW, Thresh JM (2004) Dual begomovirus infections and high Bemisia tabaci populations: two factors driving the spread of a cassava mosaic disease pandemic. Plant Pathol 53:577–584
Dengel HJ (1981) Untersuchungen über das Auftreten der Imagines von Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) auf verschiedenen Manioksorten. Z Pflanzenk Pflanzen 88:355–366
Dubern J (1994) Transmission of Africa cassava mosaic geminivirus by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Trop Sci 34:82–91
Duffus JE, Flock RA (1982) Whitefly transmitted disease complex of the desert Southwest. Calif Agr 36:4–6
FAO (1998) FAO production yearbook. FAO, Rome
Fargette D, Faucquet C, Grenier E, Thresh JM (1990) The spread of African cassava mosaic virus into and within cassava fields. J Phytopathol 130:289–302
Fauquet C, Fargette D (1990) African cassava mosaic virus: aetiology, epidemiology and control. Plant Dis 74:404–411
Fauquet CM, Stanley J (2003) Geminivirus classification and nomenclature: progress and problems. Ann Appl Biol 142:165–189
Fondong VN, Pita JS, Rey MEC, de Kochko A, Beachy RN, Fauquet CM (2000) Evidence of synergism between African cassava mosaic virus and a new double recombinant geminivirus infecting cassava in Cameroon. J Gen Virol 81:287–297
Frison EA (1994) Sanitation techniques for cassava. Trop Sci 34:146–153
Gerling D, Horowitz AR (1984) Yellow traps for evaluating the population levels and dispersal patterns of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 77(6):753–759
Gibson RW, Legg JP, Otim-Nape GW (1996) Unusually severe symptoms are a characteristic of the current epidemic of mosaic virus disease of cassava in Uganda. Ann Appl Biol 128:479–490
Guthrie J (1990) Controlling African cassava mosaic disease. CTA, Wageningen
Harrison BD, Zhou X, Otim-Nape GW, Liu Y, Robinson DJ (1997) Role of a novel type of double infection in the geminivirus-induced epidemic of severe cassava mosaic in Uganda. Ann Appl Biol 131:437–448
Hillocks RJ (1997) Cassava virus diseases and their control with specific reference to Southern Tanzania. Integr Pest Manag Rev 2:125–138
Holt J, Colvin J (2001) Observation and theory of whitefly-borne virus disease epidemics. In: Jeger MJ, Spence NJ (eds) Biotic interactions in plant-pathogen associations. CAB International, Wallingford
Holt J, Jeger MJ, Thresh JM, Otim-Nape GW (1997) An epidemiological model incorporating vector population dynamics applied to African cassava mosaic virus disease. J Appl Ecol 34:793–806
Jiu M, Zhou X-P, Tong L, Xu J, Yang X, Wan FH, Liu SS (2007) Vector-virus mutualism accelerates population increase of an invasive whitefly. PLoS ONE 2(1):e182. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000182
Legg JP (1999) Emergence, spread and strategies for controlling the pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in East and Central Africa. Crop Prot 18:627–637
Legg JP, Thresh JM (2000) Cassava mosaic virus disease in East Africa: a dynamic disease in a changing environment. Virus Res 71:135–149
Legg JP, Okao-Okuja G, Mayala R, Muhinyuza JB (2001) Spread into Rwanda of the severe cassava mosaic virus disease pandemic and associated Uganda variant of East African Cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug). New Dis Rep 3: Feb–July
Legg JP, French R, Rogan D, Okao-Okuja G, Brown JK (2002) A distinct Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) genotype cluster is associated with the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda. Mol Ecol 11:1219–1229
Maruthi MN, Colvin J, Seal S (2001) Mating compatibility, life history traits and RAPD-PCR variation in Bemisia tabaci associated with the cassava mosaic disease pandemic in East Africa. Entomol Exp Appl 99:13–23
Mauck KE, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC (2010) Deceptive chemical signals induced by a plant virus attract insect vectors to inferior hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:3600–3605
Morales FJ (2006) Tropical whitefly IPM project. Adv Virus Res 69:249–311
Mound LA (1962) Studies on the olfaction and colour sensitivity of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Entomol Exp Appl 5:99–104
Ogbe FO, Atiri GI, Dixon AGO, Thottappilly G (2003) Symptom severity of cassava mosaic disease in relation to concentration of African cassava mosaic virus in different cassava genotypes. Plant Pathol 52:84–91
Otim-Nape GW, Bua A, Thresh JM, Baguma Y, Ogwal S, Semakula GN, Acola G, Byabakama B, Martin A (1997) Cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda. The current pandemic and approaches to control. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham
Palumbo JC, Tonhasca A Jr, Byrne DN (1995) Evaluation of three sampling methods for estimating adult sweet potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) abundance on cantaloupes. J Econ Entomol 88:1393–1400
Pita JS, Sangare A, Beachy RN, Fauquet CM (1998) Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in Africa: a parallel study between Uganda (Ug) and Ivory Coast (IC). Phytopathology 88:S 71
Pita JS, Fondong VN, Sangare A, Otim-Nape GW, Ogwal S, Fauquet CM (2001) Recombination, pseudorecombination and synergism of geminiviruses are determinant keys to the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda. J Gen Virol 82:655–665
Robertson IAD (1987) The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) as a vector of African cassava mosaic virus at the Kenyan coast and ways in which the yield losses in cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz caused by the virus can be reduced. Insect Sci Appl 8:797–801
Sisterson MS (2008) Effects of insect vector preference for healthy or infected plants on pathogen spread: insights from a model. J Econ Entomol 101:1–8
Sseruwagi P, Rey MEC, Brown JK, Legg JP (2004) The cassava mosaic geminiviruses occurring in Uganda following the 1990s epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease. Ann Appl Biol 145:113–121
Storey HH, Nichols RFW (1938) Studies of the mosaic diseases of cassava. Ann Appl Biol 25:790–806
Tadu G, Winter S, Gadelseed AMA, Dafalla DA (2005) Association of East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) with cassava mosaic disease in Sudan. New Dis Rep 11: Feb–July
Thompson WMO (2002) Comparison of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) development on uninfected cassava plants and cassava plants infected with East African cassava mosaic virus. Ann Entomol Soc Am 95:387–394
Thompson WMO (2006) Influence of amino acids on cassava biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) when feeding on an artificial system. J Entomol 3:198–203
Thresh JM, Otim-Nape GW (1994) Strategies for controlling African cassava mosaic geminivirus. Adv Dis Vector Res 10:215–236
Thresh JM, Otim-Nape GW, Legg JP, Fargette D (1997) African cassava mosaic disease: the magnitude of the problem? Afr J Root Tuber Crops 2:13–19
Van den Bosch F, Jeger MJ, Gilligan CA (2007) Disease control and its selection for damaging plant virus strains in vegetatively propagated staple food crops, a theoretical assessment. Proc Royal Soc B 274:11–18
Were HK, Winter S, Maiss E (2004) Occurrence and distribution of cassava begomoviruses in Kenya. Ann Appl Biol 145:175–184
White TCR (1984) The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogen in stress food plants. Oecologia 63:90–105
Zhou X, Liu Y, Calvert L, Munoz C, Otim-Nape GW, Robinson DJ, Harrison BD (1997) Evidence that DNA-A of a geminivirus associated with severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda has arisen by interspecific recombination. J Gen Virol 78:2101–2111
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thompson, W.M.O. (2011). Association of Bemisia tabaci with the Severe Cassava Mosaic Disease in Uganda. In: Thompson, W. (eds) The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus-Infected Host Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1523-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1524-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)