Skip to main content

Epizoic and Epiphytic Diatoms

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Diatom World

Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 19))

Abstract

Diatoms live in many habitats; their primary requirements are adequate water, light, and nutrients, especially silica for their frustules. One major habitat is that of adherence to living substrata, both plants or algae (epiphytic diatoms) and animals (epizoic diatoms). Species that inhabit this habitat differ from planktonic and freely moving benthic forms in several ways.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abo El-lil, A.H. (2003) Preliminary ecological survey of microflora inhabitant different types of Hydrophytes in fresh water systems at Middle Egypt Belt with reference to physiochemical parameters and phytochemistry. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 6: 610–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aiello, A. (1985) Sloth hair: unanswered questions, In: G.G. Montgomery (ed.) The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC, pp. 213–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Handal, A.Y. and Wulff, A. (2008) Marine epiphytic diatoms from the shallow sublittoral zone in Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica. Bot. Mar. 51: 411–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A.R., Frankovich, T. and Fourqurean, J.W. (2006) Variable responses within epiphytic and benthic microalgal communities to nutrient enrichment. Hydrobiologia 569: 423–435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow, P.R. and Alexander, C.G. (2000) Diatoms on the cirri of tropical barnacles. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 80: 737–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buczkó, K. (2007) The occurrence of the diatom Lemnicola hungarica on different European Lemnaceae species. Fottea Olomouc 7: 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiovitti, A., Dugdale, T.M., and Wetherbee, R. (2007) Diatom adhesives: molecular and mechanical properties, In: Biological Adhesives. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 79–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, D.A. and Holmes, R.W. (1982) A note on the occurrence of diatoms on the feathers of diving seabirds. Auk 99: 765–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Stefano, M. and Romero, O. (2005) Survey of alveolate species of the diatom genus Cocconeis (Ehr.) with remarks on the new section Alveolatae. Bibliotheca Diatomol. 52: 1–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Stefano, M., Marino, D. and Mazzella, L. (2000) Marine taxa of Cocconeis on leaves of Posidonia oceanica, including a new species and two new varieties. Eur. J. Phycol. 35: 225–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Stefano, M., Kooistra, W. and Marino, D. (2003) Morphology of the diatom genus Campyloneis (Bacillariophyceae, Bacillariophyta), with a description of Campyloneis juliae sp. nov. and an evaluation of the valvocopulae. J. Phycol. 39: 735–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denys, L. (1997) Morphology and taxonomy of epizoic diatoms (Epiphalaina and Tursiocola) on a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) stranded on the coast of Belgium. Diatom Res. 12: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds, W.K. (1991) Community interactions between the Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kuetzing, its epiphytes, and epiphyte grazers. Oecologia 85: 572–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fee, E.J. and Drum, R.W. (1965) Diatoms epizoic on copepods parasitizing fishes in the Des Moines River, Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 74: 318–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinholz, D.M. and Atkinson, S. (2000) Possible aetiologies of yellow coloration in dolphin calves. Aquat. Mamm. 26: 191–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, S. and Seeliger, U. (1985) The colonization process of algal epiphytes on Ruppia maritima L. Bot. Mar. 28: 245–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankovich, T.A., Gaiser, E.E., Zieman, J.C. and Wachnicka, A.H. (2006) Spatial and temporal distribution of epiphytic diatoms growing on Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König: relationships to water quality. Hydrobiologia 569: 259–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankovich, T.A., Armitage, A.R., Wachnicka, A.H. Gaiser, E.E. and Fourqurean, J.W. (2009) Nutrient effects on seagrass epiphyte community structure in Florida Bay. J. Phycol. 45: 1010–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaiser, E.E. and Bachmann R.W. (1993) The ecology and taxonomy of epizoic diatoms on Cladocera. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 628–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaiser, E.E. and Bachmann, R.W. (1994) Seasonality, substrate preference and attachment sites of epizoic diatoms on cladoceran zooplankton. J. Plankton Res. 16: 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gárate-Lizárraga, I. and Muñetón-Gómez, M. (2009) Primer registro de la diatomea epibionte Pseudohimantidium pacificum y de otras asociaciones simbióticas en el Golfo de California. Acta Bot. Mexicana 88: 31–45 (in Spanish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebeshuber, I.C., Thompson, J.B., Del Amo, Y., Stachelberger, H. and Kindt, J.H. (2002) In vivo nonoscale atomic force microscopy investigation of diatom adhesion properties. Mater. Sci. Technol. 18: 763–766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R.A. (1978) Pseudohimantidium pacificum, an epizoic diatom new to the Florida Current (western North Atlantic Ocean). J. Phycol. 14: 371–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsborough, L.G. (1993) Diatom ecology in the phyllosphere of the common duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Hydrobiologia 269/270: 463–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, E.P. and Short, F.T. (2003) World Atlas of Seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, C.E., Merkel, R., Springer, O., Jurkojc, P., Maier, C. and Smetacek, V. (2003) Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection. Nature 421: 841–843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlin, M.M. (1975) Epiphyte-host relations in seagrass communities. Mar. Bot. 1: 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlin, M.M. (1980) Seagrass epiphytes, In: R.C. Phillips and C.P. McRoy (eds.) Handbook of Seagrass Biology: An Ecosystem Perspective. Garland STMP Press, New York, pp. 117–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, T J. (1935) On the diatoms of the skin film of whales and their possible bearing on the problems of whale movements. Discov. Rep. 10: 247–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, N., Hori, M. and Mukai, H. (2007) Seasonal shifts in seagrass bed primary producers in a cold-temperate estuary: dynamics of eelgrass Zostera marina and associated epiphytic algae. Aquat. Bot. 86: 337–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hausman L.A. (1934) On the structure of the hair of the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Am. Nat. 68: 84–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiromi, J., Kadota, S. and Takano, H. (1985) Diatom infestation of marine copepods (review). Bull. Tokai Res. Fish Res. Lab. 117: 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland, K.D., Rosowski, J.R., Gretz, M. and Roemer, S.C. (1993) Diatom extracellular polymeric substances: function, fine structure and physiology. J. Phycol. 29: 537–566.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, R.W. (1985) The morphology of diatoms epizoic on cetaceans and their transfer from Cocconeis to two new genera, Bennettella and Epipellis. Brit. Phycol. J. 20: 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes R.W. and Croll, D.A. (1984) Initial observations on the composition of dense diatom growths on the body feathers of three species of diving seabirds, In: D.G. Mann (ed.) Proceedings of the 7th International Diatom Symposium. Koenigstein. O. Koeltz, pp. 265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, R.W., Nagasawa, S. and Takano, H. (1993) The morphology and geographic distribution of epidermal diatoms of the Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli True) in the Northern Pacific Ocean. Bull. Natl. Sci. Museum. Ser. B. Bot. 19: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaschinski, S. and Sommer, U. (2008) Top-down and bottom-up control in an eelgrass-epiphyte system. Oikos 117: 754–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, A. (1992) Notes on the pattern of biofouling in three species of southern rorqual species. Bull. Fac. Bioresources, Mie Univ. 8: 19–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, J.M, and Lowe, R.L. (2009) Spatial distribution of epiphytic diatoms on lotic bryophytes. Southeast. Nat. 8: 305–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebetron, B., Ricarh, P., Radenac, G., Bordes, M. Bréret, M., Arnaud, C., Mornet, F. and Blanchard, G.F. (2009) Are epiphytes a significant component of intertidal Zostera noltii beds? Aquat. Bot. 91: 82–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lüning, K. (1993) Environmental and internal control of seasonal growth in seaweeds. Hydrobiologia 260–261: 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClatchie, S., Kawachi, R. and Dalley, D.E. (1990) Epizoic diatoms on the euphausid Nyctiphanes australis: consequences for gut-pigment analyses of whale krill. Mar. Biol. 104: 227–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morejohn, G.V. (1980) The natural history of Dall’s porpoise in the north Pacific Ocean, In: Winn, H.E. and Olla, B.L. (eds) Behavior of Marine Animals, vol. 3. Cetaceans. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, S, Holmes, R.W. and Nemoto, T. (1989) Occurrence of cetacean diatoms in the sediments of Otsuchi Bay, Iwate, Japan. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 65: 80–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantazidou, A, Louvrou, I. and Economou-Amilli, A. (2006) Euendolithic shell-boring cyanobacteria and chlorophytes from the saline lagoon Ahivadolimni on Milos Island, Greece. Eur. J. Phycol. 41: 189–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pergent, G., Boudouresque, C.-F., Dumay, O., Pergent-Martini, C. and Wylie-Echeverria, S.W. (2008) Competition between the invasive Caulerpa taxifolia and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: contrasting strategies. BMC Ecol. 8: 20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, A.K.S.K., Livingston R.J. and Ray G.L. (1989) The marine epizoic diatom Falcula hyalina from Choctawhatchee bay, the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: frustule morphology and ecology. Diatom Res. 4: 119–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romagnoli, T., Bavestrello, G., Cucchiari, E.M., De Stefano, M., Di Camillo, C.G., Pennesi, C., Puce, S. and Totti, C. (2007) Microalgal communities epibiontic on the marine hydroid Eudendrium racemosum in the Ligurian Sea during an annual cycle. Mar. Biol. 151: 537–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Round, F.E. (1981) The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Round, F.E. (1992) Bacillariophyceae, In: W. Reisser (ed.) Algae and Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Explored. Biopress, UK, pp. 600–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Round, F.E., Sloane, J.F., Ebling, F.J. and Kitching, J.A. (1961) The ecology of Lough Ine. X. The hydroid Sertularia operculata (L) and its associated flora and fauna: effects of transference to sheltered water. J. Ecol. 49: 617–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. and Mann, D.G. (1990) The Diatoms Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruesink, J.L. (1998) Diatom epiphytes on Odonthalia floccosa: the importance of extent and timing. J. Phycol. 34: 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruesink, J.L. (2000) Intertidal mesograzers in field microcosms: linking laboratory feeding rates to community dynamics. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 248: 163–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siqueiros-Beltrones, D.A., López-Fuerte, F.O. and Gárate-Lizárraga, I. (2005) Structure of diatom assemblages living on prop roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) from the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Pac. Sci. 59: 79–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J. and Myers, B. (1980) Assemblages of algae and invertebrates in Southern California Phyllospadix-dominated intertidal habitats. Aquat. Bot. 9: 73–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoermer, E. (1964) Notes on Iowa diatoms. 7. Rare and little known diatoms from Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 71: 55–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M.J. (1977) Structural characteristics of a diatom community epiphytic on Ruppia maritima. Hydrobiologia 53: 81–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M.J. (1982) Similarity of an epiphytic and edaphic diatom community associated with Spartina alterniflora. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 101: 84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takano, H. (1983) New and rare diatoms from Japanese marine waters-XI, three new species epozoic on copepods. Bull. Tokai Res. Fish Res. Lab. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, N. (1986) Adhesive strength of epiphytic diatoms on various seaweeds. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52: 817–821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, N. and Asakawa, A. (1988) Allelopathic effect of mucilage released from a brown alga Sargassum horneri on marine diatoms. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 54: 1711–1714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, N., Ohwada, K., Sugiyama, M., Asakawa, A., Iikura, T. and Kitamura, S. (1984) Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50: 1665–1669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesolin, G. and Tell, G. (1996) The epiphytic algae on floating macrophytes of a Paraná river floodplain lake. Hydrobiologia 333: 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R.H. (1972) Algae from the hair of the sloth Bradypus. J. Phycol. 8(Suppl.): 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, M.A. and Lange, C.B. (2002) Diatoms provide attachment sites for other diatoms: a natural history of epiphytism from southern California. Phycologia 41: 116–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Totti, C., Poulin, M., Romagnoli, T., Perrone, C. Pennesi, C. and De Stefano, M. (2009) Epiphytic diatom communities on intertidal seaweeds from Iceland. Polar Biol. 32: 1681–1691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Troeger, W.W. (1978) Epiphytic diatoms in farm ponds and experimental ponds in Bryan County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 58: 64–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Lu, J., Mollet, J.-C., Gretz, M.R. and Hoagland, K. (1997) Extracellular matrix assembly in diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) II. 2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile inhibition of motility and stalk production in the marine diatom Achnanthes longipes. Plant Physiol. 113: 1071–1080.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, P., Roomans, G.M. and Pedersen, M. (1981) Localization and quantification of iodine and bromine in the red alga Phyllophora truncata (Pallas) A.D. Zinova by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Bot. Mar. 24: 153–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winemiller, K. and Winsborough, B.M. (1990) Occurrence of epizoic communities on the parasitic copepod Lernaea carassii (Lernaeidae). Southwest. Nat. 35: 206–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wuchter, C., Marquardt, J. and Krumbein, W.E. (2003) The epizoic diatom community on four bryozoan species from Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). Helgol. Mar. Res. 57: 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wustman, B.A., Gretz, M.R. and Hoagland, K.D. (1997) Extracellular matrix assembly in diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) I. A model of adhesives based on chemical characterization and localization of poly-saccharides from the marine diatom Achnanthes longipes and other diatoms. Plant Physiol. 113: 1059–1069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wustman, B.A., Lind, J., Wetherbee, R. and Gretz, M.R. (1998) Extracellular matrix assembly in diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) III. Organization of fucoglucuronogalactans within the adhesive stalks of Achnanthes longipes. Plant Physiol. 116: 1431–1441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary Ann Tiffany .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tiffany, M.A. (2011). Epizoic and Epiphytic Diatoms. In: Seckbach, J., Kociolek, P. (eds) The Diatom World. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1327-7_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics