Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Date Palm Micropropagation via Organogenesis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Date Palm Biotechnology

Abstract

The world demand for date palm vitro-plants has increased in recent decades. The use of all available techniques of rapid multiplication to fulfill this demand is an objective of great interest. However, the technique used should permit maximum fidelity in terms of genetic stability of regenerated plants. Hence, organogenesis presents an advantage of use of low concentrations of plant growth regulators and consequently the callus phase is avoided. Direct regeneration of vegetative buds minimizes the risk of somaclonal variation among regenerants. Moreover, the duration of culture period is limited by frequent renewal of the plant material. Actually, there are few laboratories that use this technique to produce date palm vitro-plants at the commercial level. Hundreds of thousands of date palm vitro-plants have been produced using this technique mainly in Morocco, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Research has permitted development of this micropropagation process and to adapt it to the most important date palm cultivars. In the present study, a review of the literature and our research results on date palm tissue culture, with emphasis on the organogenesis technique, are presented. The entire multiplication process from offshoot removal to plantlet acclimatization is fully described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aaouine M (2000) Production of date palm vitro-plants: the Moroccan experience. Proceedings date palm international symposium, Windhoek, Namibia, pp 46–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Abahmane L (1998) Utilisation des tissus inflorescentiels comme explants pour la micropropagation du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L). Proceedings of international conference on date palm, Marrakech, Morocco, Feb 16–18, pp 256–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Abahmane L (2003) Multiplication du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) à partir des tissus floraux. Proceedings international conférence on date palm, College of Agric. & Vet. Med., King Saud University, pp 911–924

    Google Scholar 

  • Abahmane L (2005a) Les tissus inflorescentiels: Une nouvelle source de matériel végétal pour la micropropagation des clones sélectionnés de palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera L.). Proceedings international symposium on sustainable agricultural development of Oasian systems. Erfoud, Morocco, Mar 8–10, pp 99–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Abahmane L (2005b) Micropropagation par tissus inflorescentiels du palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera L.): un outil efficace pour la sauvegarde des génotypes rares. Al Awamia 113:49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Abahmane L (2007) Micropropagation of selected clones from inflorescence tissues and its role in the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) improvement programme. Proceedings fourth international symposium on the date palm, King Faisal University – Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia, 5–8 May 2007, p 145

    Google Scholar 

  • Abahmane L, Bougerfaoui M, Anjarne M (1999) Use of tissue culture techniques for date palm propagation and rehabilitation of palm groves devastated by bayoud disease. Proceedings international symposium on date palm, Assiut University, Assiut (Egypt) Nov 9–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Abul-Soad AA (2007) Inflorescence tissue culture utilisation for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) micropropagation. Abstracts of fourth symposium on date palm in Saudi Arabia, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, 5–8 May, p 144

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahloowalia BS, Prakash J, Savangikar VA (2004) Plant tissue culture, In: AIEA-TECDOC-1384: low cost options for tissue culture technology in developing countries, pp 3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghamdi AS (1988) Rooting of date palm offshoots as affected by offshoot size, cultivar and butyric acid injection. Acta Hort Tech Comm Int Soc Hort Sci (ISHS) 379–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Kaabi HH, Rhiss A, Hassan MA (2001) Effect of auxins and cytokinins on the in vitro production of date palm bud generative tissues and on the number of differentiated buds. Proceedings second international conference on date palm Al Ain, UAE, pp 47–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Khateeb AA (2006) Role of cytokinin and auxin on the multiplication stage of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Sukry. Biotech 5:349–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Khateeb AA (2008a) Regulation of in vitro bud formation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Khanezi by different carbon sources. Biores Techn 99:6550–6555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Khateeb AA (2008b) The problems facing the use of tissue culture technique in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Sci J King Faisal Univ 9:85–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Khateeb AA, Ali-Dinar HM (2002) Date palm in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: cultivation, production and processing. Translation, Authorship and Publishing Center, King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, p 188

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Khayri JM (2003) In vitro germination of somatic embryos in date palm: effect of auxin concentration and strength of MS salts. Curr Sci 84:680–683

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khayri JM (2007) Micropropagation of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. In: Jain SM, Haggman H (eds.) Protocols for micropropagation of woody trees and fruits. Springer, Berlin, pp 509–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Maari KW, Al Ghamdi AS (1998) Effect of seasonal variation on the multiplication of date palm through tissue culture. Proceedings international conference on date palm. 16–18 Feb 1998, Marrakech, Morocco, pp 244–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Mana, FA, El-Hamady MA, Bacba MA, Abdelrahman AA (1996) Improving root development on ground and aerial date palm offshoots. Res Bul N° 60 Agric Res Cent King Saud Univ., pp 5–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Salih AA, Badr SM, Jarrah AZ, Al Qadi MT (1986) A comparative morphlogical and anatomical study of seed and embryo culture derived seedlings of Phoenix dactilifera L. Date Palm J 4(2):153–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin T (2001) In vitro propagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by adventive buds. Proceedings second international conference on date palm. Al Ain, UAE, pp 568–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammar S, Benbadis A (1977) Multiplication végétative du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) par la culture de tissus de jeunes plantes issues de semis. C R Acad Sci Paris 284:1789–1792

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjarne M, Zaid A (1993) Effets de certains équilibres hormonaux sur l’enracinement précoce des tissus du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Al Awamia 82:197–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjarne M, Abahmane L, Bougerfaoui M (2005) Les techniques de micropropagation du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) : Expérience de l’INRA–Maroc. Actes du Symposium International sur le Développement Agricole Durable des Systèmes Oasiens. Erfoud, Morocco, Mar 8–10, pp 86–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Asemota O, Eke CR, Odewale JO (2007) Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in vitro morphogenesis in response to growth regulators, sucrose and nitrogen. Afr J Biotech 6:2353–2357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslam J, Khan SA (2009) In vitro micropropagation of khalas date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), an important fruit plant. J Fruit Orn Plant Res 17:15–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awad MA (2007) Effect of antistress substances and elemental sulphur application on growth and stress tolerance of tissue culture derived date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets cv. Khadrawy during acclimatization. Proceedings fourth international symposium on date palm, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia, May 5–8, p 153

    Google Scholar 

  • Badawy EM, Habib AMA, El Bana A, Yosry GM (2005) Propagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plants by using tissue culture technique. Arab J Biotech 8:343–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Bader SM, Khierallah HSM (2007) Effect of silver thiosulphate and glutamine on direct organogenesis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Proceedings fourth symposium on date palm. King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia, May 5–8, p 131

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchesne G (1983) Vegetative propagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by in vitro culture. Proceedings first symposium on date palm. King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, pp 698–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchesne G, Zaid A, Rhiss A (1986) Meristematic potentialities of bottom of young leaves to rapidly propagate date palm. Proceedings second symposium on date palm. King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, pp 87–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekheet SA, Saker MM (1998) In vitro propagation of Egyptian date palm: II- Direct and indirect shoot proliferation from shoot tip explants of Phoenix dactylifera L. cv Zaghlool. Proceedings first international conference on date palm, Al Ain, UAE, pp 150–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjama A, Cherkaoui B, Al Maii S (2001) Origin and detection of Bacillus contaminating date palm vitro culture and importance of manipulation conditions. Al Awamia 104:73–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran S, Smith RH (1992) Somatic embryogenesis from shoot tip and immature inflorescences of Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Barhee. Plant Cell Rep 12:22–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran S, Smith RH (1995) Somatic embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). In: Jain SM, Gupta PK, Newton RJ (eds.) Somatic embryogenesis in woody plants: angiosperms. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 446–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Bougerfaoui M, Zaid A (1993) Effet de la teneur du milieu de culture en amoniaque sur la vitrification des tissus du palmier dattier cultivés in vitro. Al Awamia 82:177–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Daguin F, Letouze R (1988) Régénération du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) par embryogenèse somatique: amélioration de l’efficacité par passage en milieu liquide agité. Fruits 43:191–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Drira N (1985) Multiplication végétative du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) par les néoformations induites en culture in vitro sur des organes végétatifs et floraux prélevés sur la phase adulte. Thèse de doctorat d’Etat Es-Sciences Naturelles Fac Sci Tunis

    Google Scholar 

  • Drira N, Benbadis A (1985) Multiplication végétative du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) par réversion, en culture in vitro, d’ébauches florales de pieds femelles. J Plant Phys 119:223–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Eke CR, Akomeah P, Asemota O (2005) Somatic embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from apical meristem tissues from ‘Zbia’ and ‘Loko’ landraces. Afr J Biotech 4:244–246

    Google Scholar 

  • El Bahr MK, Ali ZA, Taha HS (2003) In vitro propagation of Egyptian date palm cv. Zaghlool: II. Comparative and anatomical studies between direct acclimatized and in vitro adapted pre-acclimatized plantlets. Arab Univ J Agric Sci 11:701–714

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Bahr MK, Ali ZA, Saker MM (2004) A comparative anatomical study of date palm vitro­plants. Arab J Biotech 7(2):219–228

    Google Scholar 

  • El Hamady M, Al Mana FA, Bacha MA (1992) Greenhouse rooting of date palm offshoots using an inverted mist system. Annu Agric Sci Ain Shams Univ Cairo 37:523–529

    Google Scholar 

  • El Sharabasy SF, Bosila HA, Ibrahim IA et al. (2001) Micropropagation studies on Zaghlool and Sewi cvs. of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): III. Plantlet acclimatization. Proceedings second international conference on date palm, Al Ain, UAE, pp 523–530

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2008) http://faostat.fao.org

  • Ferry M, Gómez S (2002) The red palm weevil in the Mediterranean area. Palms 46:172–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry M, Bouguedoura N, El Hadrami I (1998) Patrimoine génétique et techniques de propagation in vitro pour le développement du palmier dattier. Spécial Oasis. Sécheresse 9(2):139–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez S, Ferry M (1999) Attempts at biological control of date palm pests recently found in Spain. In: Canard M, Beysset-Arnouty V (eds.) Proceedings first symposium for applied biological control in Mediterranean countries, Cairo, 25–29 Oct 1998. Sacco Toulouse, France, pp 121–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Heselmans M (1997) Setting research priorities through an international date palm network. Biotech Dev Monit 30:1820–1822

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodel DR, Pittenger DR (2003a) Studies on the establishment of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cv ‘Deglet Noor’ offshoots. Part I: observations on root development and leaf growth. Palms 47:191–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodel DR, Pittenger DR (2003b) Studies on the establishment of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) ‘Deglet Noor’ offshoots. Part II. Size of offshoots. Palms 47:201–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain I, Rashid H, Muhammad A, Quraishi A (2001) In vitro multiplication of date palm. Proceedings second international conference on date palm. Al Ain, UAE, pp 432–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Khierallah HSM, Bader SM (2007) Micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) var. Mektoom through direct organogenesis. Acta Hort 736:213–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Krikorian AD, Cronauer SS (1984) Banana. In: Sharp W, Evans DA, Ammirato PV, Yamada Y (eds.) Handbook of plant cell culture, vol 2. McMillan, New York, pp 327–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunert KJ, Baaziz M, Cullis CA (2003) Techniques for determination of true-to-type date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plants: a literature review. Emirates J Agric Sci 15:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary JV, Nelso N, Tisserat B, Allingham EA (1986) Isolation of pathogenic Bacillus circulans from callus cultures and healthy offshoots of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Appl Envir Microbiol 52:1173–1176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letouze R, Daguin F, Hamama L et al. (2000) Mass propagation of date palm through somatic embryogenesis. Histological study of embryo formation and cultivar identification by RAPD markers. Proceedings date palm international symposium. Windhoek, Namibia, pp 55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Loutfi K (1989) Multiplication végétative du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) à partir de la culture in vitro d’explants inflorescentiels. Thèse Doctorat 3ème cycle. Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech

    Google Scholar 

  • Loutfi K (1999) Organogenèse et embryogenèse somatique à partir des tissus floraux du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivés in vitro. Aspects histologiques et caryologie des ­vitroplants. Thèse doctorat Es-Sciences, Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech

    Google Scholar 

  • Loutfi K, Chlyah H (1998) Multiplication végétative du palmier dattier à partir de segments d’inflorescences cultives in vitro: effet de différentes combinaisons hormonales et capacités organogénétiques de divers cultivars. Agron 18:573–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loutfi K, El Hadrami I (2005) Phoenix dactilyfera date palm. In: Litz RE (ed.) Biotechnology of fruit and nut crops. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 144–157

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McCubbin MJ, Van Staden J, Zaid A (2000) A southern African survey conducted for off-types on date palm production using somatic embryogenesis. Proceedings date palm international symposium, Windhoek, Namibia, pp 68–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed SM, El Sharabasy SF, Bosila HA (2001) Micropropagation studies on Zaghloul and Sewi cvs of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), 1- Callus initiation and formation. Proceedings second international conference on date palm, Al Ain, UAE, pp 500–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed S (1978) Problem in date palm propagation. Indian Hort 23:15–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T (1974) Plant propagation through tissue culture. Biologist 21:87–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tissue cultures. Phys Plant 15:473–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon RW, Carpenter JB (1978) Growing dates in the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agric. Information Bulletin No. 207. USDA, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Othmani A, Bayoudh C, Drira N, Trifi M (2009) In vitro cloning of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Deglet Bey using embryogenesis suspension and temporary immersion bioreactor. Biotech Biotech Equip 23:1181–1188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pospisilova J, Ticha I, Kadlecek P (1999) Acclimatization of micropagated plants to ex vitro conditions. Biotech Plantar 42:481–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulain CA, Rhiss A, Beauchesne G (1979) Multiplication végétative en culture in vitro du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). C R Acad Agric 11:1151–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Qaddoury A, Amassa M (2004) Effect of exogenous indole butyric acid on root formation and peroxidase and indol-3-acetic acid oxydase activities and phenolic contents in date palm offshoots. Bot Bull Sin 45:127–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quraishi A, Hussain M, Latif M (1997) Sustained long term embryogenic cultures of date palm and their field performance. Pak J Bot 19:135–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao PS, Ganapathi TR (1993) Micropropagation of palms. In: Ahuja MR (ed) Micropropagation of woody plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 395–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuveni O, Adato Y, Kipnis HL (1972) A study of new and rapid methods for the vegetative propagation of date palms. Date Grow Inst 49:17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhiss A, Poulain C, Beauchesne G (1979) La culture in vitro appliquée à la multiplication du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Fruits 34:551–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Saaidi M, Duvauchelle G, Toutain G (1979) Multiplication du palmier dattier: Etude de quelques facteurs conditionnant la reprise végétative des rejets de palmier dattier. Fruits 34:55–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Saka G, Yahawi N, Abid F (1998) In vitro techniques as applied to the regeneration of different Algerian date palm cvs. Through somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis and perspectives of improvement. Proceedings international conference on date palm, Marrakech, Morocco, Feb 16–18, pp 225–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Saker M, Bekheet M, Taha HS (2000) Detection of seasonal variations in tissue culture derived date palm plants using isosyme analysis and RAPD fingerprints. Biol Plant 43:347–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seelye JF, Burge GK, Morgan Ed R (2003) Acclimatizing tissue culture plants: reducing the shock. Comb Proc Int Plant Prop Soc 53:85–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma DR, Dawra S, Choudhury JB (1984) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Khadrawi through tissue culture. Indian J Exp Biol 22:596–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharon M, Shankar C (1999) Regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) through direct organogenesis. Indian J Plant Phys 4:323–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidky RA, Zaid ZE, El-Bana A (2007) Optimized protocol for in vitro rooting of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Proceedings fourth international symposium on date palm, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia, pp 454–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudhersan C, Abo El-Nil M, Hussain J (2001) Hapaxanthic axillary shoots in date palm plants grown in vitro and in vivo. Palms 45:84–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Taha HS, Bekheet SA, Saker MM (2001) Factors affecting in vitro multiplication of date palm. Biol Plant 44:431–433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tisserat B (1979) Propagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in vitro. J Exp Bot 30:1275–1283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tisserat B (1981) Production of free-living date palms through tissue culture. Date Palm J 1:43–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tisserat B (1982) Development of new tissue culture technology to aid in the cultivation and crop improvement of date palms. Proceedings first symposium on date palm. King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, pp 126–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Tisserat B (1983) Tissue culture of date palm- A new method to propagate an ancient crop and a short discussion of the California date industry. Prin 27:105–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Tisserat B, DeMason DA (1980) A histological study of development of adventive embryos in organ cultures of Phoenix dactylifera L. Ann Bot 46:465–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanas WH, El Hammady AM, Abo Rawash M, Awad AA (1999) In vitro propagation of date palm. 1- Direct organogenesis as affected by cytokinin and auxin levels in the medium. Ann Agric Sci 44:19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaid A, de Wet PE (1999) Date palm propagation. In: Zaid A, Arias-Jimenez EJ (eds.) Date palm cultivation, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 156 Rev. 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaid A, Hughes H (1995a) In vitro acclimatization of date palm plantlets (Phoenix dactylifera L.): a quantitative comparison of epicuticular leaf wax as a function of polyethylene glycol treatment. Plant Cell Rep 15:111–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaid A, Hughes H (1995b) Water loss and polyethylene glycol mediated acclimatization of in vitro grown seedlings of 5 cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets. Plant Cell Rep 14:385–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaid A, Tisserat B (1983) In vitro shoot tip differentiation in Phoenix dactylifera L. Date Palm J 2:163–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zouine J, El Hadrami I (2007) Effect of 2,4-D, glutamine and BAP on embryogenic suspension culture of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Sci Hort 112:221–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, INRA, Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Marrakech, 533, Marrakech, Morocco

    L. Abahmane

Authors
  1. L. Abahmane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Abahmane .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  2. , Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  3. Middlebrook Ave 3726, Cincinnati, 45208, Ohio, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Abahmane, L. (2011). Date Palm Micropropagation via Organogenesis. In: Jain, S., Al-Khayri, J., Johnson, D. (eds) Date Palm Biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1318-5_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation