Abstract
Engineers prefer to use codes for design of structures subjected to cyclic and dynamic loads. However, design codes are very brief concerning the seismic response of underground structures (foundations, tunnels, pipelines) and when they provide recommendations on the best practice these recommendations are limited to usual types of structures (buildings) and ground conditions. The users of British Standards are aware that compliance with them does not necessarily confer immunity from relevant statutory and legal requirements. Often engineers need to seek advice and help from specialists in soil dynamics. Because the issues in soil dynamics are rather complex, the specialist use simple considerations and methods not least for checking of the results of more complex analyses. Hence, engineers can use simple considerations and methods for assessment of severity of a problem before engaging specialists for solution of the problem.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akkar S, Bommer JJ (2007) Empirical prediction for peak ground velocity derived from strong-motion records from Europe and the Middle East. Bull Seismol Soc Am 97:511–530
Ambraseys NN (1988) Engineering seismology. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 17:1–105
Ambraseys NN, Sarma SK (1999) The assessment of total seismic moment. J Earthquake Eng 3:439–462
Ambraseys NN, Srbulov M (1994) Attenuation of earthquake induced ground displacements. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 23:467–487
Ambraseys NN, Srbulov M (1995) Earthquake induced displacements of slopes. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng 14:59–71
Ambraseys NN, Douglas J, Sarma SK, Smit PM (2005) Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East: horizontal peak ground acceleration and spectral accelerations. Bull Earthquake Eng 3:1–53
ANSI S2.47 (1990) Vibration of buildings – guidelines for the measurement of vibrations and evaluation of their effects on buildings. American National Standards Institute, Acoustical Society of America, New York, NY, Secretariat for Committees 51, 52 and 53
ANSI S3.18 (1979) Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibrations. American National Standards Institute, Acoustical Society of America, New York, NY, Secretariat for Committees 51, 52 and 53
ANSI S3.29 (1983) Guide to the evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings. American National Standards Institute, Acoustical Society of America, New York, NY, Secretariat for Committees 51, 52 and 53
AS 2187.2 (2005) Explosives – storage and use, part 2: use of explosives. Council of Standards Australia
ASTM D1586 Standard test method for standard penetration test (SPT) and split-barrel sampling of soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. American National Standards Institute
ASTM D3999-91 Standard test methods for the determination of the modulus and damping properties of soils using the cyclic triaxial apparatus. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D4015-92 Standard test method for modulus and damping of soils by the resonant-column method. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D4428/D 4428Â M-00 Standard test methods for crosshole seismic testing. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D4945-08 Standard test method for high-strain dynamic testing of piles. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D5777-00 Standard guide for using the seismic refraction method for subsurface investigation. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D7128-05 Standard guide for using the seismic-reflection method for shallow subsurface investigation. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D7400-08 Standard test methods for downhole seismic testing. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
Baker GL, Gollub JP (1992) Chaotic dynamics, an introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Bommer JJ, Elnashai AS (1999) Displacement spectra for seismic design. J Earthquake Eng 3:1–32
BS 5228-2 (2009) Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites – part 2: vibration. British Standards Institution
BS 6472 (1992) Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings (1Â Hz to 80Â Hz). British Standards Institution
BS 7385-2 (1993) Evaluation and measurement for vibration in buildings, part 2: guide to damage levels from ground borne vibration. British Standard Institution
Cetin KO, Seed RB, Kiureghian AD, Tokimatsu K, Harder LH Jr, Kayen RE, Moss RES (2004) Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential. ASCE J Geotechn Geoenviron Eng 130:1314–1340
Clough RW, Penzien J (1993) Dynamics of structures, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York, NY
CSA Z107.54-M85 (R2001) Procedure for measurement of sound and vibration due to blasting operations. Canadian Standards Association, Canada
DIN 4024-1 (1988) Maschinenfundamente; Elastische Stützkonstruktionen für Maschinen mit rotierenden Massen. Deutsche Industries Norm
DIN 4024-2 (1991) Maschinenfundamente; Steife (starre) Stützkonstruktionen für Maschinen mit periodischer Erregung. Deutsche Industries Norm
DIN 4150-3 (1999) Erschütterungen im Bauwesen – Teil 3: Einwirkungen auf bauliche Anlage Norm Ausgabe, Deutsch, Deutsche Industries Norm
DIN 45669-1 (1995) Messung von Schwingungsimmissionen; Teil 1: Schwingungsmesser; Anforderungen, Prüfung. Deutsche Industries Norm
DIN 45672-1 (1991) Schwingungsmessungen in der Umgebung von Schienenverkehrswegen; Teil 1: Messverfahren. Deutsche Industries Norm
EN 1997-2 (2007) Eurocode 7 – geotechnical design, part 2: ground investigation and testing. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
EN 1998-1 (2004) Eurocode 8 – design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
EN 1998-5 (2004) Eurocode 8 – design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 5: foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1944) Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bull Seismol Soc Am 34:1985–1988
Hardin BO (1978) The nature of stress-strain behaviour of soils. In: Proceedings of earthquake engineering and soil dynamics symposium, vol 1, ASCE, Pasadena, CA, pp 3–89
Hardin BO, Drnevich VP (1972) Shear modulus and damping in soil: design equations and curves. ASCE J Soil Mech Foundations Div 98:667–692
IBC (2009) International Building Code. International Code Council, Washington, DC
Ishibashi I (1992) Discussion to: Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response, by M. Vucetic and R. Dobry. ASCE J Geotechn Eng 118(5):830–832
Ishibashi I, Zhang X (1993) Unified dynamic shear moduli and damping ratios of sand and clay. Soils Foundations 33(1):182–191
ISO 2631/2 (1989) Evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration, part 2: continuous and shock induced vibration in buildings (1–8 Hz). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 2631/3 (1995) Evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration, part 3: evaluation of exposure to whole body z-axis vertical vibration in frequency range 0.1–1.63 Hz. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 4866 (1990) Evaluation and measurement for vibration in buildings. Part 1: guide for measurement of vibrations and evaluation of their effects on buildings. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 6897 (1994) Guidelines for the evaluation of the response of occupants of fixed structures, especially buildings and off-shore structures to low frequency horizontal motion (0.063 to 1Â Hz). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 8041 (1990) Human response to vibration – measuring instrumentation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 8569 (1996) Mechanical vibration and shock measurement and evaluation of shock and vibration effects on sensitive equipment in buildings. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 9996 (1996) Mechanical vibration – disturbance to human activity and performance; classification. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 10811-1 (2000) Mechanical vibration and shock – vibration and shock in buildings with sensitive equipment – part 1: measurement and evaluation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 10811-2 (2000) Mechanical vibration and shock – vibration and shock in buildings with sensitive equipment – part 2: classification. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 10815 (1996) Mechanical vibration – measurement of vibration generated internally in railway tunnels by the passage of trains. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 14837-1 (2005) Mechanical vibration – ground-borne noise and vibration arising from rail systems – part 1: general guidance. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO 23469 (2005) Bases for design of structures – seismic actions for designing geotechnical works. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
Jamiolkowski M, Leroueil S, LoPriesti DCF (1991) Theme lecture: Design parameters from theory to practice. In: Proceedings Geo-Coast ’91, Yokohama, Japan, pp 1–41
Japan Road Association (2002) Specifications for highway bridges, part V: seismic design. PWRI, Japan
Kramer SL (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Liao SSC, Whitman RV (1986) Overburden correction factors for SPT in sand. ASCE J Geotechn Eng 112:373–377
Lin SY, Lin PS, Luo H-S, Juag CH (2000) Shear modulus and damping ratio characteristics of gravely deposits. Canad Geotechn J 37:638–651
Nikolaou S, Mylonakis G, Gazetas G, Tazoh T (2001) Kinematic pile bending during earthquakes: analysis and field measurements. Geotechnique 51(5):425–440
NS 8141 (1993) Vibrasjoner og støt – Måling av svingehastighet og beregning av veiledende grenseverdier for å unngå skade på byggverk. Standard Norge
OENORM S9020 (1986) Bauwerkserschütterungen; Sprengerschütterungen und vergleichbare impulsförmige Immissionen. Nationale Festlegungen, Austria
Seed HB, Idriss IM (1970) Soil modules and damping factors for dynamic response analyses. Report EERC 70-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA
Seed HB, Idriss IM (1971) Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. ASCE J Soil Mech Foundation Div 107:1249–1274
Seed HB, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF, Chung RM (1985) Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. ASCE J Geotechn Eng 111:1425–1445
Skempton AW (1986) Standard penetration test procedures and the effects in sands of overburden pressure, relative density, particle size, aging and over consolidation. Geotechnique 36:425–447
Skipp BO (1998) Ground vibration – codes and standards. In: Skipp BO (ed) Ground dynamics and man-made processes. The Institution of Civil Engineers, United Kingdom, 29–41
Srbulov M (2003) An estimation of the ratio between horizontal peak accelerations at the ground surface and at depth. Eur Earthquake Eng XVII(1):59–67
Srbulov M (2010) Ground vibration engineering – simplified analyses with case studies and examples. Springer, New York, NY
SS 460 48 66 (1991) Vibration och stöt – Riktvärden för sprängningsinducerade vibrationer i byggnader Fastställd. Swedish Standard Institute
Taylor RN (ed) (1994) Geotechnical centrifuge technology. Blackie Academic & Professional, UK
TS 10354 (1992) Air blast and ground vibration in mining. Turkish Standard Institute
US DOT-293630-1 (1998) High-speed ground transportation noise and vibration impact assessment. U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Railroad Development, Washington, DC
Vucetic M, Dobry R (1991) Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response. ASCE J Geotechn Eng 117(1):89–107
Wolf JP (1994) Foundation vibration analysis using simple physical models. PTR Prentice Hall, Upper saddle River, NJ
Youd TL, Idriss IM (2001) Liquefaction resistance of soil. Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshop on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. ASCE J Geotechn Geoenviron Eng 127:297–313
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Srbulov, M. (2011). Introduction. In: Practical Soil Dynamics. Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1312-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1312-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1311-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1312-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)