Abstract
Nanosized drug carrier systems, including liposomes and nanoparticles, have the potential of delivering their contents to the interior of cells. However, engineering of the particle size and surface properties is necessary to achieve targeting to particular cell types. Conventional particles with hydrophobic surfaces are rapidly engulfed by phagocytic cells. Modification of the surface with hydrophilic polymers yields so-called “Stealth” particles which avoid phagocytosis and remain in the circulation longer after intravenous injection. The addition of specific ligands to the surface of these particles can confer more specific targeting to particular cell types. Nanoparticles and liposomes are normally taken up by endocytosis in non phagocytic cells, leading to their delivery to the lysosomal compartment. In order for the cargo to reach other cell compartments, a mechanism of endosomal escape is necessary. Examples are given of drug delivery in two particular applications: delivery to macrophages for immunomodulating and anti-infectious functions, and delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA to cells.
Keywords
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Abbreviations
- AS-ODN:
-
antisense oligo deoxynucleotide
- CHEMS:
-
cholesteryl hemisuccinate
- DC-Chol:
-
3ß-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol
- DNA:
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- DOGS:
-
dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine
- DOPE:
-
dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
- DOTAP:
-
1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane
- DOTMA:
-
1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane
- EPR:
-
enhanced permeation and retention
- GAPDH:
-
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP:
-
green fluorescent protein
- GPI:
-
glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HUVEC:
-
human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IgG:
-
immunoglobulin G
- LDL:
-
low density lipoprotein
- LHRH:
-
luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone
- MDP:
-
muramyl dipeptide
- MTP-Chol:
-
muramyl tripeptide cholesterol
- MTP-PE:
-
muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine
- NC:
-
nanocapsules
- PACA:
-
poly (alkylcyanoacrylate)
- PAMAM:
-
poly (amido amine)
- PEG:
-
poly (ethylene glycol)
- PEG-PMMA:
-
poly (ethylene glycol) – poly (methyl methacrylate) copolymer
- PEI:
-
poly (ethyleneimine)
- PIBCA:
-
poly (isobutylcyanoacrylate)
- PIHCA:
-
poly (isohexylcyanoacrylate)
- PLA:
-
poly (D, L-lactide)
- PLGA:
-
poly (lactide –co-glycolide)
- RGD:
-
Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide
- SAINT-2:
-
N-methyl-4(dioleyl)methylpyridinium chloride
- SiRNA:
-
small interfering ribonucleic acid
- VEGF-R2:
-
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
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Barratt, G. (2011). Delivery to Intracellular Targets by Nanosized Particles. In: Prokop, A. (eds) Intracellular Delivery. Fundamental Biomedical Technologies, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1248-5_3
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