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Ecological, Radiological, and Toxicological Effects of Naval Bombardment on the Coral Reefs of Isla de Vieques, Puerto Rico

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Abstract

Between 1943 and 2003, land and sea areas on the eastern end of Isla de Vieques, Puerto Rico were used as a naval gunnery and bombing range. Viequean coral reefs are littered with leaking and unexploded ordnance (UXO). Radiological, biological, and chemical surveys were conducted to assay the health of these coral reefs.

Biotic surveys revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between the density of military ordnance and several measures of coral reef health, including (a) the number of coral species (  p =  0.007), (b) the number of coral colonies (  p =  0.02), and (c) coral species diversity (H′) (  p =  0.0005). Reefs with the highest concentrations of bombs and bomb fragments have the lowest health indices.

Water, sediment, and biotic samples revealed that: (a) every animal tested on the seaward reef of Vieques near unexploded ordnance contained at least one potentially toxic compound leaking fromin situordnance [1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene; 1,3-Dinitrobenzene; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene; 2,4-Dinitrotoluene  +  2,6-Dinitrotoluene; 4-Nitrotoluene; 2-Nitrotoluene; Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine]; (b) concentrations of these substances in fish and lobster tested do not exceed EPA’s Risk Based Concentrations for commercially edible seafood, but (c) concentrations of these substances in several of the non-commercial species tested (e.g. feather duster worms, corals, and sea urchins) greatly exceed these concentrations. For chromium in sediments, and for TNT in both water and sediment, there is an exponential decline with increasing distance from unexploded ordnance. An organism’s mobility and proximity to UXO determine its body burden of toxic compounds: (1) the closer an organism is to a leaking bomb, the higher its body burden will be, and (2) the less mobile (and therefore more sessile) an organism is, the higher the concentration of toxic substances will be.

Our data show unequivocally that toxic substances leaching from UXO have entered the coral reef marine food web. Since the concentration of explosive compounds is highest near unexploded ordnance, we recommend that surface UXO on the Vieques coral reef be picked up and removed. We assert that this action will have an immediate and beneficial effect on the coral reef ecosystem by removing these point sources of pollution from the environment. Existing technology can perform this required action easily.

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Notes

  1. 1.

     www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/mcl.pdf (2004) and/or RBC Guidelines available at web site: www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/index.htm (2004).

  2. 2.

     Risk level  =  1/100,000 in www.epa.gov/ost/fishadvice/volume1/v1ch5.pdf (2004).

  3. 3.

     www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/index.htm (2004).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. John E. Noakes and Dr. Scott Noakes (Center for Applied Isotope Studies/UGA), Dr. Parshall Bush (Agricultural & Environmental Services Laboratory/UGA), and Dr. Glen Murphy for fieldwork and analysis. Ms. Diana Y. Hartle and Emily McManus helped with bibliographic resources, which, of necessity, were drawn from so many disparate and non-traditional sources. Ms. Aimee Chiera, Mr. Joel Becker, Mr. Alex Crevar, Mr. Jamie Arizaga, Mr. Greg Lemke, Dr. Yvette Berisford, and Capt. Karl Prosser and Capt. James Ringland provided logistical and technical support on this project. This project was funded by grants from the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    James W. Porter

  2. Underwater Ordnance Recovery, Inc., Norfolk, VA, USA

    James V. Barton

  3. European Economic Union Environmental Program, Berlin, Germany

    Cecilia Torres

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Correspondence to James W. Porter .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA

    Gary E. Machlis

  2. False Bay Dr. 351, Friday Harbor, 98250, Washington, USA

    Thor Hanson

  3. , Institute for Applied Ecology, Oikon Ltd., Avenija Dubrovnik 6-8, Zagreb, 10 020, Croatia

    Zdravko Špirić

  4. Association of American Geographers, 1710 16th Street, NW, Washington, 20009-3198, District of Columbia, USA

    Jean E. McKendry

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Porter, J.W., Barton, J.V., Torres, C. (2011). Ecological, Radiological, and Toxicological Effects of Naval Bombardment on the Coral Reefs of Isla de Vieques, Puerto Rico. In: Machlis, G., Hanson, T., Špirić, Z., McKendry, J. (eds) Warfare Ecology. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1214-0_8

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