Abstract
The last decade has been an exciting period of discovery in the synthesis and processing of nanostructures. Many new nanomaterials have emerged, along with new fabrication processes to generate them. The last decade has seen penetration of nanotechnology into almost every area and discipline in science and engineering. Nanotechnology has been used in commercial products, including nanostructured coatings, cosmetics, textiles and magnetic storage devices, among many others. While such products mark much more purpose-oriented use and application of nanostructures, there also has been important basic research concerning the toolkits for synthesis, fabrication, and patterning of nanostructures, in addition to bioinspired synthesis and directed self-assembly. Many of these advances show great promise for the development of new nanomanufacturing processes that will drive the creation of future nanosystems and devices. For example, the last ten years have seen the development of novel synthesis approaches for a range of nanoscale materials including aerosols, colloids, thin-films, nanocrystalline metals, ceramics, biomaterials, and nanoporous or nanocomposite structures. Importantly, several of these methodologies have improved upon industrially-relevant practices such as combustion, electrophoretic processes, electrodeposition, electrospinning, anodization, and sputtering. Over the same period of time, entirely new nanostructures, such as graphene, have been identified and their unique properties may lead to important technology advances.
With contributions from: Matthew R. Jones, Louise R. Giam, Richard Siegel, James Ruud, Fereshteh Ebrahimi, Sean Murdock, Robert Hwang, Xiang Zhang, John Milner, John Belk, Mark Davis, Tadashi Shibata.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
A. Braunschweig, F. Huo, C. Mirkin, Molecular printing. Nat. Chem. 1(5), 353–358 (2009)
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), Report to the President and Congress on the Third Assessment of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, Assessment and Recommendations of the National Nanotechnology Advisory Panel (Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, DC, 2010)
J. Bang, U. Jeong, D.Y. Ryu, T.P. Russell, C.J. Hawker, Block copolymer nanolithography: translation of molecular level control to nanoscale patterns. Adv. Mater. 21, 1–24 (2009)
F.S. Bates, G.H. Fredrickson, Block copolymer thermodynamics: theory and experiment. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 525–557 (1990)
C.T. Black, K.W. Guarini, K.R. Milkove, S.M. Baker, M.T. Tuominen, T.P. Russell, Integration of self-assembled diblock copolymers for semiconductor capacitor fabrication. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 409 (2001)
K.W. Guarini, C.T. Black, Y. Zhang, H. Kim, E.M. Sikorski, I.V. Babich, Process Integration of self-assembled polymer templates into silicon nanofabrication. J Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2788 (2002)
M. Park, C. Harrrison, P.M. Chaikin, R.A. Register, D.H. Adamson, Block copolymer lithography: periodic arrays of 1011 holes in 1 square centimeter. Science 276, 1401 (1997)
T. Thurn-Albrecht, J. Schotter, G.A. Kaestle, N. Emley, T. Shibauchi, L. Krusin-Elbaum, K. Guarini, C.T. Black, M.T. Tuominen, T.P. Russell, Ultrahigh-density nanowire arrays grown in self-assembled diblock copolymer templates. Science 290, 2126 (2000)
C.T. Black, R. Ruiz, G. Breyta, J.Y. Cheng, M.E. Colburn, K.W. Guarini, H.C. Kim, Y. Zhang, Polymer self assembly in semiconductor microelectronics. IBM J. Res. Dev. 51, 605 (2007)
R.A. Pai, R. Humayun, M.T. Schulberg, A. Sengupta, J.N. Sun, J.J. Watkins, Mesoporous silicates prepared using preorganized templates in supercritical fluids. Science 303, 507 (2004)
N. Sivakumar, M. Li, R.A. Pai, J.K. Bosworth, P. Busch, D.M. Smilgies, C.K. Ober, T.P. Russell, J.J. Watkins, An efficient route to mesoporous silica films with perpendicular nanochannels. Adv. Mater. 20, 246 (2008)
S.C. Warren, F.J. Disalvo, U. Wiesner, Nanoparticle-tuned assembly and disassembly of mesostructured silica. Nat. Mater. 6, 156 (2007)
S.C. Warren, F.J. Disalvo, U. Wiesner, Erratum: nanoparticle-tuned assembly and disassembly of mesostructured silica hybrid. Nat. Mater. 6, 248 (2007)
I. Bita, J.K.W. Yang, Y.S. Jung, C.A. Ross, E.L. Thomas, K.K. Berggren, Graphoepitaxy of self-assembled block copolymers on 2D periodic patterned templates. Science 321, 939 (2008)
C.T. Black, O. Bezencenet, Nanometer-scale pattern registration and alignment by directed diblock copolymer self-assembly. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 3, 412–415 (2004)
J.Y. Cheng, A.M. Mayes, C.A. Ross, Nanostructure engineering by templated self-assembly of block copolymers. Nat. Mater. 3, 823–828 (2004)
J.Y. Cheng, C.T. Rettner, D.P. Sanders, H.C. Kim, W.D. Hinsberg, Dense self-assembly on sparse chemical patterns: rectifying and multiplying lithographic patterns using block copolymers. Adv. Mater. 20, 3155–3158 (2008)
S. Park, B. Kim, O. Yavuzcetin, M.T. Tuominen, T.P. Russell, Ordering of PS-b-P4VP on patterned silicon surfaces. ACS Nano 2, 1363 (2008)
S.Y. Park, A.K.R. Lytton-Jean, B. Lee, S. Weigand, G.C. Schatz, C.A. Mirkin, DNA-programmable nanoparticle crystallization. Nature 451(7178), 553–556 (2008)
R. Ruiz, H.M. Kang, F.A. Detcheverry, E. Dobisz, D.S. Kercher, T.R. Albrecht, J.J. de Pablo, P.F. Nealey, Density multiplication and improved lithography by directed block copolymer assembly. Science 321, 936 (2008)
R.A. Segalman, H. Yokoyama, E.J. Kramer, Graphoepitaxy of spherical domain block copolymer films. Adv. Mater. 13, 1152–1155 (2001)
S. Park, D.H. Lee, J. Xu, B. Kim, S.W. Hong, U. Jeong, T. Xu, T.P. Russell, Macroscopic 10-terabit–per–square-inch arrays from block copolymers with lateral order. Science 323, 1030 (2009)
J. Chai, J.M. Buriak, Using cylindrical domains of block copolymers to self-assemble and align metallic nanowires. ACS Nano 2, 489 (2008)
Y.S. Jung, J.B. Chang, E. Verploegen, K.K. Berggren, C.A. Ross, A path to ultranarrow patterns using self-assembled lithography. Nano Lett. 10, 1000 (2010)
S.M. Park, G.S.W. Craig, Y.H. La, H.H. Solak, P.F. Nealey, Square arrays of vertical cylinders of PS-b-PMMA on chemically nanopatterned surfaces. Macromolecules 40, 5084–5094 (2007)
C.B. Tang, E.M. Lennon, G.H. Fredrickson, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, Evolution of block copolymer lithography to highly ordered square arrays. Science 322, 429–432 (2008)
G.M. Wilmes, D.A. Durkee, N.P. Balsara, J.A. Liddle, Bending soft block copolymer nanostructures by lithographically directed assembly. Macromolecules 39, 2435–2437 (2006)
K. Galatsis, K.L. Wang, M. Ozkan, C.S. Ozkan, Y. Huang, J.P. Chang, H.G. Monbouquette, Y. Chen, P. Nealey, Y. Botros, Patterning and templating for nanoelectronics. Adv. Mater. 22, 769–778 (2010)
J.K.W. Yang, Y.S. Jung, J.-B. Chang, R.A. Mickiewicz, A. Alexander-Katz, C.A. Ross, K.K. Berggren, Complex self-assembled patterns using sparse commensurate templates with locally varying motifs. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 256 (2010)
A. Braunschweig, A. Senesi, C. Mirkin, Redox-activating dip-pen nanolithography (RA-DPN). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(3), 922–923 (2009)
R. Piner, J. Zhu, F. Xu, S. Hong, C.A. Mirkin, “Dip-pen” nanolithography. Science 283(5402), 661–663 (1999)
K. Salaita, Y. Wang, C.A. Mirkin, Applications of dip-pen nanolithography. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(3), 145–155 (2007)
L. Giam, Y. Wang, C. Mirkin, Nanoscale molecular transport: the case of dip-pen nanolithography. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 3779–3782 (2009)
S. Rozhok, R. Piner, C.A. Mirkin, Dip-pen nanolithography: what controls ink transport? J. Phys. Chem. B 107(3), 751–757 (2003)
R. Jae-Won Jang, R.G. Sanedrin, A.J. Senesi, Z. Zheng, X. Chen, S. Hwang, L. Huang, C.A. Mirkin, Generation of metal photomasks by dip-pen nanolithography. Small 5(16), 1850–1853 (2009)
K.-B. Lee, E.-Y. Kim, C.A. Mirkin, S.M. Wolinsky, The use of nanoarrays for highly sensitive and selective detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in plasma. Nano Lett. 4(10), 1869–1872 (2004)
S. Minne, S.R. Manalis, A. Atalar, C.F. Quate, Independent parallel lithography using the atomic force microscope. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14(4), 2456–2461 (1996)
K. Salaita, S.W. Lee, X. Wang, L. Huang, T.M. Dellinger, C. Liu, C.A. Mirkin, Sub-100 nm, centimeter-scale, parallel dip-pen nanolithography. Small 1(10), 940–945 (2005)
K. Salaita, P. Sun, Y. Wang, H. Fuchs, C.A. Mirkin, Massively parallel dip-pen nanolithography with 55000-pen two-dimensional arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 45(43), 7220–7223 (2006). doi:10.1002/anie.200603142
D. Banerjee, A. Nabil, S. Disawal, J. Fragala, Optimizing microfluidic ink delivery for dip pen nanolithography. J. Microlith. Microfab. Microsys. 4(2), 023014 (2005). doi:10.1117/1.1898245
F. Huo, Z. Zheng, G. Zheng, L.R. Giam, H. Zhang, C.A. Mirkin, Polymer pen lithography. Science 321(5896), 1658–1660 (2008). doi:10.1126/science.1162193
Z. Zheng, W.L. Daniel, L.R. Giam, F. Huo, A.J. Senesi, G. Zheng, C.A. Mirkin, Multiplexed protein arrays enabled by polymer pen lithography: addressing the inking challenge. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 48(41), 7626–7629 (2009). doi:10.1002/anie.200902649
F. Huo, G. Zheng, X. Liao, L.R. Giam, J. Chai, X. Chen, W. Shim, C.A. Mirkin, Beam pen lithography. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 637–640 (2010). doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.161
G.A. Ozin, A.C. Arsenault, Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials (RSC Publishing, Cambridge, 2005)
L.D. Qin, S. Park, L. Huang, C.A. Mirkin, On-wire lithography. Science 309, 113–115 (2005)
L.D. Qin, S. Zou, C. Xue, A. Atkinson, G.C. Schatz, C.A. Mirkin, Designing, fabricating, and imaging Raman hot spots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13300–13303 (2006). doi:10.1073/pnas.0605889103
L.D. Qin, J.W. Jang, L. Huang, C.A. Mirkin, Sub-5-nm gaps prepared by on-wire lithography: correlating gap size with electrical transport. Small 3, 86–90 (2007)
L.D. Qin, M.J. Banholzer, J.E. Millstone, C.A. Mirkin, Nanodisk codes. Nano Lett. 7, 3849–3853 (2007)
A. Nitzan, M.A. Ratner, Electron transport in molecular wire junctions. Science 300, 1384–1389 (2003)
X. Chen, Y.-M. Jeon, J.-W. Jang, L. Qin, F. Huo, W. Wei, C.A. Mirkin, On-wire lithography-generated molecule-based transport junctions: a new testbed for molecular electronics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(26), 8166–8168 (2008). doi:10.1021/ja800338w
Z. Nie, A. Petukhova, E. Kumacheva, Properties and emerging applications of self-assembled structures made from inorganic nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(1), 15–25 (2010)
D.V. Talapin, J.-S. Lee, M.V. Kovalenko, E.V. Shevchenko, Prospects of colloidal nanocrystals for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Chem. Rev. 110(1), 389–458 (2009). doi:10.1021/cr900137k
M.-H. Lin, H.-Y. Chen, S. Gwo, Layer-by-layer assembly of three-dimensional colloidal supercrystals with tunable plasmonic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(32), 11259–11263 (2010)
E.V. Shevchenko, D.V. Talapin, N.A. Kotov, S. O’Brien, C.B. Murray, Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature 439(7072), 55–59 (2006). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7072/abs/nature04414.html - a1
H.D. Hill, R.J. Macfarlane, A.J. Senesi, B. Lee, S.Y. Park, C.A. Mirkin, Controlling the lattice parameters of gold nanoparticle FCC crystals with duplex DNA linkers. Nano Lett. 8(8), 2341–2344 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl8011787
R.J. Macfarlane, B. Lee, H.D. Hill, A.J. Senesi, S. Seifert, C.A. Mirkin, Assembly and organization processes in DNA-directed colloidal crystallization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(26), 10493–10498 (2009)
R. Macfarlane, M.R. Jones, A.J. Senesi, K.L. Young, B. Lee, J. Wu, C.A. Mirkin, Establishing the design rules for DNA-mediated programmable colloidal crystallization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 49(27), 4589–4592 (2010)
M. Jones, R.J. Macfarlane, B. Lee, J. Zhang, K.L. Young, A.J. Senesi, C.A. Mirkin, DNA-nanoparticle superlattices formed from anisotropic building blocks. Nat. Mater. 9, 913–917 (2010). doi:10.1038/nmat2870
K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666–669 (2004)
A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007)
X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S.K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff, Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312–1314 (2009)
S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.-S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, H.R. Kim, Y.I. Song, Y.-J. Kim, K.S. Kim, B. Özyilmaz, J.-H. Ahn, B.H. Hong, S. Iijima, Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(8), 574–578 (2010)
J.N. Randall, J.B. Ballard, J.W. Lyding, S. Schmucker, J.R. Von Her, R. Saini, H. Xu, Y. Ding, Atomic precision patterning on Si: an opportunity for a digitized process. Microelectron. Eng. 87(5–8), 955–958 (2010)
J.N. Randall, J.W. Lyding, S. Schmucker, J.R. Von Ehr, J. Ballard, R. Saini, H. Xu, Y. Ding, Atomic precision lithography on Si. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27(6), 2764 (2009). doi:10.1116/1.3237096
Y. Suda, N. Hosoya, K. Miki, Si submonolayer and monolayer digital growth operation techniques using Si2H6 as atomically controlled growth nanotechnology. Appl. Surf. Sci. 216(1–4), 424–430 (2003)
D.A. Tomalia, J.M.J. Fréchet (eds.), Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers (Wiley, Chichester, 2001)
D.A. Tomalia, Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry. Prog. Polym. Sci. 30(3–4), 294–324 (2004)
M. Peterca, V. Percec, M.R. Imam, P. Leowanawat, K. Morimitsu, P.A. Heiney, Molecular structure of helical supramolecular dendrimers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(44), 14840–14852 (2008)
B.M. Rosen, D.A. Wilson, C.J. Wilson, M. Peterca, B.C. Won, C. Huang, L.R. Lipski, X. Zeng, G. Ungar, P.A. Heiney, V. Percec, Predicting the structure of supramolecular dendrimers via the analysis of libraries of AB3 and constitutional isomeric AB2 biphenylpropyl ether self-assembling dendrons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(47), 17500–17521 (2009). doi:10.1021/ja806524m
D.A. Tomalia, In quest of a systematic framework for unifying and defining nanoscience. J. Nanopart. Res. 11(6), 1251–1310 (2009)
D.A. Tomalia, Dendrons/dendrimers: quantized, nano-element like building blocks for soft-soft and soft-hard nano-compound synthesis. Soft Matter 6(3), 456–474 (2010)
V. Marx, Poised to branch out. Nat. Biotechnol. 26(7), 729–732 (2008)
A.R. Menjoge, R.M. Kannan, D.A. Tomalia, Dendrimer-based drug and imaging conjugates: design considerations for nanomedical applications. Drug Discov. Today 15(5–6), 171–185 (2010)
C.C. Lee, J.A. MacKay, J.M.J. Fréchet, F.C. Szoka, Designing dendrimers for biological applications. Nat. Biotechnol. 23(12), 1517–1526 (2005). doi:10.1038/nbt1171
V. Percec, D.A. Wilson, P. Leowanawat, C.J. Wilson, A. Hughes, M.S. Kaucher, D.A. Hammer, D.H. Levine, A.J. Kim, F.S. Bates, K.P. Davis, T.P. Lodge, M.L. Klein, R.H. DeVane, E. Aqad, B.M. Rosen, A.O. Argintaru, M.J. Sienkowska, K. Rissanen, S. Nummelin, J. Ropponen, Self-assembly of Janus dendrimers into uniform dendrimersomes and other complex architectures. Science 328(5981), 1009–1014 (2010). doi:10.1126/science.1185547
F. Beguin, E. Frackowiak (eds.), Carbide-derived carbon and templated carbons, in Carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems, ed. by T. Kyotani, J. Chmiola, Y. Gogotsi (CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, 2009), pp. 77–114
C. Largeot, C. Portet, J. Chmiola, P.-L. Taberna, Y. Gogotsi, P. Simon, Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(9), 2730–2731 (2008). doi:10.1021/ja7106178
S. Yachamaneni, G. Yushin, S.H. Yeon, Y. Gogotsi, C. Howell, S. Sandeman, G. Phillips, S. Mikhalovsky, Mesoporous carbide-derived carbon for cytokine removal from blood plasma. Biomaterials 31(18), 4789–4794 (2010)
M. Kruk, C.M. Hui, Thermally induced transition between open and closed spherical pores in ordered mesoporous silicas. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(5), 1528–1529 (2008)
V. Soghomonian, J.J. Heremans, Characterization of electrical conductivity in a zeolite like material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(15), 152112 (2009)
K.J. Choi, M. Biegalski, Y.L. Li, A. Sharan, J. Schubert, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y.B. Chen, X.Q. Pan, V. Gopalan, L.-Q. Chen, D.G. Schlom, C.B. Eom, Enhancement of ferroelectricity in strained BaTiO3 thin films. Science 306(5698), 1005–1009 (2004). doi:10.1126/science.1103218
J.H. Haeni, P. Irvin, W. Chang, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y.L. Li, S. Choudhury, W. Tian, M.E. Hawley, B. Craigo, A.K. Tagantsev, X.Q. Pan, S.K. Streiffer, L.Q. Chen, S.W. Kirchoefer, J. Levy, D.G. Schlom, Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3. Nature 430(7001), 758–761 (2004). doi:10.1038/nature02773
D.G. Schlom, L.-Q. Chen, C.-B. Eom, K.M. Rabe, S.K. Streiffer, J.-M. Triscone, Strain tuning of ferroelectric thin films. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 37(1), 589–626 (2007)
M.P. Warusawithana, C. Cen, C.R. Sleasman, J.C. Woicik, Y. Li, L.F. Kourkoutis, J.A. Klug, H. Li, P. Ryan, L.-P. Wang, M. Bedzyk, D.A. Muller, L.-Q. Chen, J. Levy, D.G. Schlom, A ferroelectric oxide made directly on silicon. Science 324(5925), 367–370 (2009)
J.H. Lee, L. Fang, E. Vlahos, X. Ke, Y.W. Jung, L.F. Kourkoutis, J.-W. Kim, P.J. Ryan, T. Heeg, M. Roeckerath, V. Goian, M. Bernhagen, R. Uecker, P.C. Hammel, K.M. Rabe, S. Kamba, J. Schubert, J.W. Freeland, D.A. Muller, C.J. Fennie, P. Schiffer, V. Gopalan, E. Johnston-Halperin, D.G. Schlom, A strong ferroelectric ferromagnet created by means of spin-lattice coupling. Nature 466(7309), 954–958 (2010)
J. Mannhart, D.G. Schlom, Oxide interfaces – an opportunity for electronics. Science 327(5973), 1607–1611 (2010)
H. Chen, Y.A. Elabd, G.R. Palmese, Plasma-aided template synthesis of inorganic nanotubes and nanorods. J. Mater. Chem. 17(16), 1593–1596 (2007)
A. Rubio, J.L. Corkill, M.L. Cohen, Theory of graphitic boron nitride nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 49(7), 5081 (1994)
A. Zettl, Non-carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 8(5), 443–445 (1996)
X. Blase, A. Rubio, S.G. Louie, M.L. Cohen, Stability and band gap constancy of boron nitride nanotubes. Europhys. Lett. 28(5), 335 (1994). doi:10.1209/0295-5075/28/5/007
L. Ci, L. Song, C. Jin, D. Jariwala, D. Wu, Y. Li, A. Srivastava, Z.F. Wang, K. Storr, L. Balicas, F. Liu, P.M. Ajayan, Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains. Nat. Mater. 9(5), 430–435 (2010). doi:10.1038/nmat2711
D. Golberg, Y. Bando, C.C. Tang, C.Y. Zhi, Boron nitride nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 19(18), 2413–2432 (2007)
E. Brown, L. Hao, J.C. Gallop, J.C. Macfarlane, Ballistic thermal and electrical conductance measurements on individual multiwall carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 023107 (2005)
P.G. Collins, A. Phaedon, Nanotubes for electronics. Sci. Am. 283(6), 62–69 (2000)
P.G. Savva, K. Polychronopoulou, R.S. Ryzkov, A.M. Efstathiou, Low temperature catalytic decomposition of ethylene into H2 and secondary carbon nanotubes over Ni/CNTs. Appl. Catal. B 93(3–4), 314 (2010)
T. Christoforou, C. Doumanidis, Biodegradable cellulose acetate nanofiber fabrication via electrospinning. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10(9), 1–8 (2010)
European Commission, Toward a European strategy for nanotechnology (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2004). Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/nanotechnology/pdf/nano_com_en_new.pdf
National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology, National Nanotechnology Initiative: Research and Development Supporting the Next Industrial Revolution (National Nanotechnology Initiative, Washington, DC, 2003). Available online: www.nano.gov/html/res/fy04-pdf/fy04%20…/NNI-FY04_front_matter.pdf
S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354(6348), 56–58 (1991)
F. Schwierz, Graphene transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(7), 487–496 (2010)
W.-S. Li, T. Aida, Dendrimer porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Chem. Rev. 109(11), 6047–6076 (2009)
Y. Wang, L.R. Giam, M. Park, S. Lenhert, H. Fuchs, C.A. Mirkin, A self-correcting inking strategy for cantilever arrays addressed by an inkjet printer and used for dip-pen nanolithography. Small 4(10), 1666–1670 (2008). doi:10.1002/smll.200800770
D. Stone, J. Liu, D.P. Singh, C. Muratore, A.A. Voevodin, S. Mishra, C. Rebholz, Q. Ge, S.M. Aouadi, “Layered atomic structures of double oxides for low shear strength at high temperatures.” Scripta Materialia 62(10), 735–738 (2010)
C.C. Doumanidis, “Nanomanufacturing of random branching material architectures.” Microelectronic Engineering 86(4-6): 467–478
M. Kokonou, C. Rebholz, K.P. Giannakopoulos, C.C. Doumanidis, Low aspect ratio porous alumina templates, Microelectron. Eng. 85(2008) 1186
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mirkin, C.A., Tuominen, M. (2011). Synthesis, Processing, and Manufacturing of Components, Devices, and Systems. In: Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020. Science Policy Reports, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1168-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1168-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1167-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1168-6
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)