Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coconut and other palm trees

  • Chapter
Book cover Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries

Abstract

Coconut is popularly known in the tropics as the “tree of life.” Largely grown by smallholders, a wide variety of food and non-food products can be derived from its various parts. The main producers are the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. It is also a locally important crop in at least 30 countries in the Americas, in 22 countries along the coasts of East and West Africa, and in the islands of the Indian Ocean (Persley 1992).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Boccardo, G., Beaver, R.G., Randles, J.W., and Imperial, J.S. (1981). Tinangaja and bristletop, coconut diseases of uncertain etiology in Guam and their relationship to cadang-cadang disease of coconut in the Philippines. Phytopathology 71: 1104–1107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaobra III, Z.S., Baylon, G.B., Orense, O., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1998). The role of pollen and seed in transmission of CCCVd. Pp. 67–70 in: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons, 1985–1993. D. Hanold and J.W. Randles, eds. ACIAR Working Paper No. 51 (also published at http://www.aciar.gov.au/viroids/viroids.htm).

  • Bonaobra III, Z.S., Rodriguez, M.J.B., Estioko, L.P., Baylon, G.B, Cueto, C.A. and Namia, M.T.I. (1998). Screening of coconut populations for resistance to CCCVd using coconut seedlings. Pp. 77–83 in: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons, 1985–1993. D. Hanold and J.W. Randles, eds. ACIAR Working Paper No. 51 (also published at http://www.aciar.gov.au/viroids/viroids.htm).

  • Diener, T.O. (1979). Viroids and Viroid Diseases. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haseloff, J., Mohamed, N.A., and Symons, R.H. (1982). Viroid RNAs of cadang-cadang disease of coconuts. Nature 299: 316–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, R.A.J, Wall, G.C., and Randles, J.W. (1998). Specific identification of coconut tinangaja viroid for differential field diagnosis of viroids in coconut palm. Phytopathology 88: 774–781.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, F.O. (1962). The Guam disease of coconut palms. FAO Plant Prot Bull 10: 25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imperial, J.S., Bautista, R.M., and Randles, J.W. (1985). Transmission of the coconut cadang-cadang viroid to six species of palm by inoculation with nucleic acid extracts. Plant Pathology 34: 391–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imperial, J.S., Olfato, R.B., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1986). Studies on the factors affecting cadang-cadang transmission by mechanical inoculation to coconut seedlings. PCA-ARDB Annual Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imperial, J.S., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1983). Variation in the coconut cadang-cadang viroid: Evidence for single base addition with disease progress. The Philippine J. of Crop Science 8(2): 87–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imperial, J.S., Rodriguez, M.J.B., and Randles. J.W. (1981). Variation in the viroid-like RNA associated with cadang-cadang disease: Evidence for an increase in molecular weight with disease progress. The J. of Gen. Virology 56: 77–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keese, P., Osorio-Keese, M.E., and Symons, R.H. (1988). Coconut tinangaja viroid: Sequence homology with coconut cadang-cadang viroid and other potato spindle tuber viroid related RNAs. Virology 162: 508–510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keese, P., Visvader, J.E., and Symons, R.H. (1988). Sequence variability in plant viroid RNAs. Pp. 71–98 in: RNA Genetics, Variability of RNA Genomes, Vol. III. E Domingo, JJ Holland and P Ahlquist, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manalo, G.G., Estioko, L.P., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (2000). Studies on the identification of the natural mode(s) of transmission of the coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd). PCA-ARDB Annual Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namia, M.T.I., Rodriguez, M.J.B., and Randles, J.W. (1998). Diagnosis of cadang-cadang by rapid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pp. 43–46 in: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons, 1985–1993. D Hanold and JW Randles, eds. ACIAR Working Paper No. 51 (also published at http://www.aciar.gov.au/viroids/viroids.htm).

  • Ocfemia, G.O. (1937). The probable nature of cadang-cadang disease of coconuts. Philippine Agriculturist 26: 338–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orolfo, M.B., Estioko, L.P., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (2000). Screening of coconut populations for resistance to coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd). PCA-ARDB Annual Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacumbaba, E.P., Zelazny, B., Orense, J.C., and Rillo, E.P. (1994). Evidence for pollen and seed transmission of the coconut cadang-cadang viroid in Cocos nucifera. Phytopathology. 142: 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persley, G.J. (1992). Replanting the Tree of Life: Towards an International Agenda for Coconut Palm Research. C.A.B. International, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, W.C. (1971). Cadang-cadang of coconut — A review. Plant Science 3: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W. (1975). Association of two ribonucleic acid species with cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm. Phytopathology 65: 163–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Boccardo, G., and Imperial, J.S. (1980). Detection of the cadang-cadang associated RNA in African oil palm and buri palm. Phytopathology 70: 185–189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Boccardo, G., Retuerma, M.L., and Rillo, E.P. (1977). Transmission of the RNA species associated with cadang-cadang of coconut palm, and insensitivity of the disease to antibiotics. Phytopathology 67: 1211–1216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Hanold, D, Pacumbaba, E.P., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1992). Cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm. Pp. 277–295 in: Plant Diseases of International Importance. AN Mukhopadhyay, J Kumar, HS Chaube and US Singh, eds. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Hanold, D., Pacumbaba, E.P., and Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1998). Cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm — an overview. Pp. 11–27 in: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons, 1985–1993. D Hanold and JW Randles, eds. ACIAR Working Paper No. 51 (also published at http://www.aciar.gov.au/viroids/viroids.htm).

  • Randles, J.W., Rodriguez, M.J.B., and Hanold, D. (1994). Coconut diseases caused by nonfungal agents: Cadang-cadang and tinangaja. Pp. 28–29 in: Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. RC Ploetz, GA Zentmyer, WT Nishjima, KG Rohrrbach and HD Ohr, eds. APS Press, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Rodriguez, M.J.B., and Imperial, J.S. (1988). Cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm. Microbiological Science 5(1): 18–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinking, O.A. (1961). Yellow mottle decline in the territory of Guam. Plant Disease Rep 45: 599–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Bustamante, R.F., Gin, R., and Semancik, J.S. (1986). Enhanced resolution of circular and linear molecular forms of viroid and viroid-like RNA by electrophoresis in a discontinuous-pH system. AnalBiochem 156: 91–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1993). PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide, South Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1998). Brooming, a severe form of cadang-cadang disease. Pp. 99–114 in: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons, 1985–1993. D Hanold and JW Randles, eds. ACIAR Working Paper No. 51 (also published at http://www.aciar.gov.au/viroids/viroids.htm).

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B. (1999). Detection and diagnosis of coconut cadang-cadang. Pp. 221–226 in: Current Advances in Coconut Biotechnology. C Oropeza, JL Verdeil, GR Ashburner, R Cardeña and JM Santamaria, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B., and Carpio, C.B. (1987). Survey report on the tinangaja disease and coconut varieties/populations in Guam, USA. 21pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B., Estioko, L.P., and Manalo, G.G. (1995). Infectivity studies on the commonly detected sequence variants of the coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) in relation to disease spread. The Philippine J. of Science 124(1): 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B., Ignacio-Namia, M.T.R., and Estioko, L.P. (1989). A mobile diagnostic laboratory for the cadang-cadang disease of coconut. The Philippine J. of Coconut Studies 14(2): 21–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B., Namia, M.T.I., andEstioko, L.P. (1998). The mobile diagnostic laboratory. Pp. 47-52 in: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons, 1985–1993. D Hanold and JW Randles, eds. ACIAR Working Paper No. 51 (also published at http://www.aciar.gov./au/viroids/viroids.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M.J.B., and Randles, J.W. (1993). Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) mutants associated with severe disease vary in both the pathogenicity domain and the central conserved region. Nucleic Acids Res 212(11): 2771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, J., Randles, J.W., and Riesner, D. (1983). A two-dimensional electrophoretic technique for the detection of circular viroids and virusoids. AnalBiochem 135: 288–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weston, W.H. Jr (1918). Report on the plant disease situation in Guam. Pp 45–62 in: Guam Agric Exp Stn Rep 1917. 89 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelazny, B. (1979). Distribution and spread of the cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm. Acta Phytopath Acad Sci Hung 14: 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelazny, B., and Niven, B.S. (1980). Duration of the stages of cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm. Plant Disease 64: 841–842.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazny, B., and Pacumbaba, E.P. (1982). Incidence of cadang-cadang of coconut palm in the Philippines. Plant Disease 66: 547–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazny, B., Randles, J.W., Boccardo, G., and Imperial, J.S. (1982). The viroid nature of the cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm. Scientia Filipinas 2: 46–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous 1990. IRHO-CIRAD Saraoutou Research Station 1989 Activities Rept. Republic of Vanuatu, Minis. Agric., Fish. Forestry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvez, C., Julia, J.F., and de Nuce de Lamothe, M. 1985. Improvement of coconut in Vanuatu and its importance for the Pacific region. Oléagineux 40: 477–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvez, C., Renard, J.L., and Marty, G. 1980. Tolerance of the hybrid coconut Local × Rennell to New Hebrides disease. Oléagineux 35: 443–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, P.W.G., and Helms, K. 1987. Purification and characterisation of a novel single-stranded DNA virus associated with subterranean clover stunt disease in Australia. Proc. 7th Intern. Congress Virology. p. 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, M.R. 1997. Isolation and cloning of the putative replication protein gene of Coconut foliar decay virus. BSc(Hons) Thesis. Flinders Univ., South Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollet, M., and de Taffin, G. 1978. Progress report on the virological study of the New Hebrides coconut disease. IRHO-CIRAD Saraoutou Res. Stat. 1978 Activities Rept.. Republic of Vanuatu, Minis. Agric., Fish. Forestry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanold, D., and Randles, J.W. 1991. Detection of coconut cadang-cadang viroid-like sequences in oil and coconut palm and other monocotyledons in the south-west Pacific. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118: 139–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanold, D., Langridge, P., and Randles, J.W. 1988. The use of cloned sequences for the identification of coconut foliar decay disease-associated DNA. J. Gen. Virol. 69: 1323–1329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, B.D. 1985. Advances in geminivirus research. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 23: 55–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatta, T., and Francki, R. 1979. The fine structure of chloris striate mosaic virus. Virology 92: 428–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julia, J.F. 1982. Myndus taffini (Homoptera Cixiidae), vector of foliar decay of coconuts in Vanuatu. Oléagineux 37: 409–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julia, J.F., Dollet, M., Randles, J.W., and Calvez, C. 1985. Foliar decay of coconut by Myndus taffini (FDMT): New results. Oléagineux 40: 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julia, J.F., and Dollet, M. 1989. Nesoclutha declivata, Homoptera Cicadellinidae, vector of the Digitaria Streak Virus (Geminivirus) in Vanuatu. J. Phytopath. 127: 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, J.P. 1993. Elevage et biologie de Myndus taffini Bonfils (Homoptera: Cixiidae) vecteur du deperissement foliaire du cocotier au Vanuatu. Proc. A.N.P.P. Troisieme Conf. Intern. Ravageurs en Agric.. Montpellier 1993. pp. 1375–1383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, J.P. 1994. Le Dépérissement Foliaire du Cocotier. IRHO-CIRAD Saraoutou Research Station, Final Activities Rept. Republic of Vanuatu, Minis. Agric., Fish. Forestry. Cirad doc. 230/94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persley, G. 1992. Replanting the Tree of Life. Toward an International Agenda for Coconut Palm Research. Technical Advisory Committee of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, TAC Secretariat, FAO, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W. 1998. Coconut foliar decay disease and identification of its viral agent. In: Report on ACIAR-funded research on viroids and viruses of coconut palm and other tropical monocotyledons 1985–1993. (eds) D. Hanold and J.W. Randles. ACIAR Monograph No. 45. Austral. Centre Intern. Agric. Res., Canberra, ACT. http://www.aciar.gov.au/publications/monographs/45//index.htm

  • Randles, J.W., and Hanold, D. 1989. Coconut foliar decay virus particles are 20-nm icosahedra. Intervirology 30: 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Chu, P.W.G., Dale, J.L., Harding, R., Hu, J., Katul, L., Kojima, M., Makkouk, K.M., Sano, Y., Thomas, J.E., and Vetten, H.J. 2000. Genus Nanovirus. In Virus Taxonomy-Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. (eds) M.H.V. van Regenmortel, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop, E.B. Carstens, M.K. Estes, S.M. Lemon, J. Maniloff, M.A. Mayo, D.J. Mc Geoch, C.R. Pringle and R.B. Wickner. Academic Press, San Diego. pp 303–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Hanold, D., and Julia, J.F. 1987. Small circular single-stranded DNA associated with foliar decay disease of coconut palm in Vanuatu. J. Gen. Virol. 68: 273–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Julia, J.F., Calvez, C., and Dollet, M. 1986. Association of single-stranded DNA with the foliar decay disease of coconut palm in Vanuatu. PhytoPathol. 76: 889–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Miller, D.C., Morin, J.P., Rohde, W., and Hanold, D. 1992. Localisation of coconut foliar decay virus in coconut palm. Ann. Appl. Biol. 121: 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randles, J.W., Wefels, E., Hanold, D., Miller, D.C., Morin, J.P., and Rohde, W. 1999. Detection and diagnosis of coconut foliar decay disease. In: Current Advances in Coconut Biotechnology (eds) C. Oropeza, J. Verdeil, G.R. Ashburner, R. Cardeña and J. Santamaria. Vol. 35, Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture. pp. 247–258. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, W., Becker, D., and Randles, J.W. 1995. The coconut foliar decay virus promoter directs phloem-specific reporter gene expression in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol. Biol. 27: 623–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, W., Randles, J.W., Langridge, P., and Hanold, D. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of a circular single-stranded DNA associated with coconut foliar decay virus. Virology 176: 648–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tischer, J., Gelderblom, H., Vetterman, W., and Koch, M.A. 1982. A very small porcine virus with circular single-stranded DNA. Nature 295: 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M.R. 1988. The genus Myndus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and its relation to foliar decay of coconut palms in Vanuatu. Bull. ent. Res. 78: 519–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahrens, U., Seemüller, E., Kirkpatrick, B.C., Gao, J-L., and Harrison, N. 1992. Detection and differentiation of plant pathogenic MLOs using PCR and MLO-specific 16S rRNA primers. IOM Lett. 2: 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, W. 1966. Susceptibility of coconut palm to lethal yellowing disease. Nature (London) 212 (5059): 320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabek, A. J. 1975. The incubation period, rate of transmission and effect on growth of coconut lethal yellowing disease in Jamaica. Phytopathol. Z. 84: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, S., and Hiruki, C. 1991. Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from culturable and nonculturable mollicutes. J. Microbiol. Meth. 14: 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden-Green, S. J. 1997. History, world distribution and present status of lethal yellowing like diseases of palms. Pp 9–25. In: “Proc. Intern. Workshop Lethal Yellowing-like Diseases of Coconut”. S.J. Eden-Green, and F. Ofori (eds.) Nat. Resour. Inst., UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, F. W., and Thomas, D.L.. 1980. Transmission of palm lethal decline to Veitchia merrillii by planthopper, Myndus crudus. J. Econ. Ent. 73: 715–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett, W. 1981. Rep. Coconut Disease at Montego Bay. Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica 23: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N. A., Bourne, C.M., Cox, R.L., Tsai, J.H., and Richardson, P.H.. 1992. DNA probes for detection of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with lethal yellowing of palms in Florida. Phytopathology 82: 216–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N. A., I Cordova, Richardson, P., and DiBonito, R. 1999. Detection and diagnosis of lethal yellowing. In: “Current Advances in Coconut Biotechnology” Oropeza, C., J. L. Verdeil, G. R. Ashburner, R. Cardeña, and J. M. Santamaria (eds.) pp. 183–196. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N.A., and Oropeza C. 1997. Recent studies on detection of lethal yellowing disease phytoplasmas in the Americas. In: Proc. Intern. Workshop Lethal Yellowing-Like Diseases of Coconut. S J Eden-Green, F Ofori (eds.) pp. 221–234, Nat. Resour. Inst. UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N.A., Griffiths, H. M., Carpio, M, L., and Richardson, P.A. 2001. Detection and characterization of an elm yellows (16SrV) group phytoplasma infecting Virginia creeper plants in southern Florida. Plant Disea. 85: 1055–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N. A, Narváez M, Almeyda H, Cordova I, Carpio M. L and Oropeza C. 2002a. First report of group 16SrIV phytoplasmas infecting coconut palms with leaf yellowing symptoms on the Pacific coast of Mexico. BSPP New Dis. Rept, Vol. 5. http://www.bspp. org.uk/ndr

  • Harrison, N. A., Richardson, P.A., Jones, P., Tymon, A.M., Eden-Green, S., and Mpunami, A.A. 1994a. Comparative investigation of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Caribbean and African coconut lethal decline diseases by DNA hybridizations and PCR assays. Plant Dis. 78: 507–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N. A., P. A. Richardson, J. B. Kramer and Tsai, J.H. 1994b. Detection of the mycoplasma-like organism associated with lethal yellowing disease of palms in Florida by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Path. 43: 998–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N. A., P. A. Richardson and Tsai, J.H. 1995. Detection and diagnosis of lethal yellowing: Conventional methods and molecular techniques. Pp. 79-91. In: “Lethal Yellowing: Research and Practical Aspects” Oropeza, C., F. W. Howard and G. R. Ashburner (eds.). Kluwer Acad. Publ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison N. A., Womack, M., and Carpio, M.L. 2002b. Detection and characterization of a lethal yellowing (16SrIV) group phytoplasma in Canary Island date palms affected by lethal decline disease in Texas. Plant Dis. 86: 676–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innis, M. A., and Gelfand, D. H. 1990. Optimization of PCRs. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky, and T. J. White, (eds.) pp. 3–12, Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, B. C., N. A. Harrison, I.-M. Lee, H. Neimark, and Sears, B.B.. 1995. Isolation of mycoplasma-like organism DNA from plant and insect hosts. In: “Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology. Volume 1, Molecular Characterization” S. Razin, and J. G. Tully (eds.) pp. 105–115 Academic Press, San Diego, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, R. E. 1972. Remission of lethal yellowing in coconut palm treated with tetracycline antibiotics. Plant Dis. Reptr. 56: 1019–1021.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, R. E. 1976. Comparative epidemiology of the lethal yellowing, Kaincope, and cadang-cadang diseases of coconut palm. Plant Dis. Reptr. 60: 498–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, R. E., F. W. Howard, J. H. Tsai, H. M. Donselman, D. L. Thomas, H. G. Basham, R. A. Atilano, F. M. Eskafi, L. Britt, and Collins, M.E. 1983. Lethal yellowing of palms. Univ. of Florida, IFASAgric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., No. 834, 100 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H. E. 1973. Palms in the tropical forest ecosystem of Africa and South America. In: “Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review”, B. J. Meggers, E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth (eds.). pp. 63–68. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 350 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohler, J. G. 2002. Modern Coconut Management: Palm Cultivation and Products. Ecoport eArticle, http://ecoport.org/EP.exe$EAFull?ID=127

  • Oliver, P. L. 1961. The Pacific Islands. Doubleday and Co., Garden City, New York. 456 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plavsic-Banjac, B, P. Hunt, and Maramorosch, K. 1972. Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with lethal yellowing disease of coconut palms. Phytopathology 62: 298–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, B. B., and Kirkpatric, B. C. 1994. Unveiling the evolutionary relationships of plantpathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms. Am. Soc. Microbiol. News 60: 307–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, C.D., B. Schneider, C.L. Blomquist, L.J. Guerra, N.A. Harrison, U. Ahrens, K-H. Lorenz, E. Seemüller and Kirkpatrick, B. C. 1996. Phytoplasma-specific PCR primers based upon sequences of the 16-23S rRNA spacer region. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2988–2993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. L. 1979. Mycoplasmalike bodies associated with lethal declines of palms in Florida. Phytopathology 69: 928–934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. L., and Donselman, H.M. 1979. Mycoplasma-like bodies and phloem degeneration associated with declining Pandanus in Florida. Plant Dis. Reptr. 63: 911–916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tymon, A. M., P. Jones, and Harrison, N.A. 1997. Detection and differentiation of African coconut phytoplasmas: RFLP Analysis of PCR-amplified 16Sr DNA and DNA hybridization. Ann. appl. Biol. 131: 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tymon, A. M., P. Jones, and Harrison, N.A. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of coconut phytoplasmas and the development of specific oligonucleotide PCR Primers. Ann. appl. Biol. 132: 437–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warokka, J. S. 1999. The impact and etiology of coconut wilt diseases in Indonesia. Pp. 39–42. In: “Proc. Intern. Workshop Impact Lethal Dis. Coconut caused by Phytoplasmas in South East Asia. APCC Publishers, Jakarta, Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, H., and Hunt, P. 1980. The in vivo three-dimensional form of a plant mycoplasmalike organism by the analysis of serial ultrathin sections. J. Gen. Microbiol. 116: 111–131.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Philippine Coconut Authority-Albay Research Center, Banao, Guinobatan, Albay, 4503, Philippines

    Maria Judith B. Rodriguez

  2. University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia

    D. Hanold & J. W. Randles

  3. CIRAD-CP, Montpellier, France

    J. P. Morin

  4. Centre Agronomique de Recherche et de Formation du Vanuatu, CIRAD-CP, Saraoutou, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu

    J. P. Labouisse

  5. Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 33314-7719, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA

    J. H. Tsai & N. A. Harrison

Authors
  1. Maria Judith B. Rodriguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Hanold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. P. Morin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. P. Labouisse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. W. Randles
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. H. Tsai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. N. A. Harrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Virology, Agricultural Research Organisation, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

    Gad Loebenstein

  2. Mahyco Research Foundation, Hyderabad, India

    George Thottappilly (Executive Director) (Executive Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rodriguez, M.J.B. et al. (2003). Coconut and other palm trees. In: Loebenstein, G., Thottappilly, G. (eds) Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3729-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0791-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation