Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aleksandrov SV, Zhigalova NN, Zezera AS (2009) Long-term dynamics of zooplankton in the southeastern Baltic Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 35:296–304
Algesten G, Brydsten L, Jonsson A, Kortelainen P, Lövgren S et al (2006) Organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Bothnia. Journal of Marine Systems 63:155–161
Anderson R, Winter C, Jürgens K (2012) Protist grazing and viral lysis as prokaryotic mortality factors at Baltic Sea oxic-anoxic interfaces. Marine Ecology Progress Series 467:1–14
Andersson A, Falk S, Samuelsson G, Hagström A (1989) Nutritional characteristics of a mixotrophic nanoflagellate, Ochromonas sp. Microbial Ecology 17:251–262
Andersson A, Hajdu S, Haecky P, Kuparinen J, Wikner J (1996) Succession and growth of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea). Marine Biology 126:791–801
Andersson A, Samuelsson K, Haecky P, Albertsson J (2006) Changes in the pelagic microbial food web due to artificial eutrophication. Aquatic Ecology 40:99–313
Andersson A, Jurgensone I, Rowe OF, Simonelli P, Bignert A et al (2013) Can humic water discharge counteract eutrophication in coastal waters? PLoS ONE 8(4):e61293
Andersson A, Meier HEM, Ripszam M, Rowe O, Wikner J et al (2015) Projected future climate change and Baltic Sea ecosystem management. Ambio 44(Supplement):S345–S356
Aneer G (1980) Estimates of feeding pressure on pelagic and benthic organisms by Baltic herring (Clupea harengus v. membras L.). Ophelia 1:65–275
Atamna-Ismaeel N, Sabeh G, Sharon I, Witzel KP, Labrenz M et al (2008) Widespread distribution of proteorhodopsins in freshwater and brackish ecosystems. The ISME Journal 2:656–662
Autio R (1998) Response of seasonally cold-water bacterioplankton to temperature and substrate treatments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46:465–474
Azam F, Fenchel T, Field JG, Gray JS, Meyer-Reil LA, Thingstad F (1983) The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10:257–263
Backer J, Biemans C, van Doorn J, Krab K, Reinders W et al (2014) Van Leeuwenhoek: groots in het kleine. Veen Media, Amsterdam, 160 pp [in Dutch]
Bartolino V, Margonski P, Lindegren M, Linderholm H, Cardinale et al (2014) Forecasting fish stock dynamics under climate change: Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) as a case study. Fisheries Oceanography 23:258–269
Barz K, Hirche HJ (2005) Seasonal development of scyphozoan medusae and the predatory impact of Aurelia aurita on the zooplankton community in the Bornholm basin (central Baltic Sea). Marine Biology 147:465–476
Behrends G, Schneider G (1995) Impact of Aurelia aurita medusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) on the standing stock and community composition of mesozooplankton in the Kiel Bight (western Baltic Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 127:39–45
Berg C, Vandieken V, Thamdrup B, Jürgens K (2015) Significance of archaeal nitrification in hypoxic waters of the Baltic Sea. The ISME Journal 9:1319–1332
Berglund J, Muren U, Båmstedt U, Andersson A (2007) Efficiency of a phytoplankton-based and a bacteria-based food web in a pelagic marine system. Limnology and Oceanography 52:121–131
Bölter M, Meyer-Reil LA, Dawson R, Liebezeit G, Wolter K, Szwerinski H (1981) Structure analysis of shallow water ecosystems: interaction of microbiological, chemical and physical characteristics measured in the overlying waters of sandy beach sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 13:579–589
Bralewska JM, Witek Z (1995) Heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117:241–248
Brander KM (2007) Global fish production and climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104:19709–19714
Brettar I, Rheinheimer G (1991) Denitrification in the central Baltic: evidence for H2S-oxidation as motor of denitrification at the oxic-anoxic interface. Marine Ecology Progress Series 77:157–169
Burns TP (1989) Lindeman’s contradiction and the trophic structure of ecosystems. Ecology 70:1355–1362
Burris JE (1980) Vertical migration of zooplankton in the Gulf of Finland. American Midland Naturalist 103:316–322
Casini M, Cardinale M, Hjelm J (2006) Inter-annual variation in herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus, condition in the central Baltic Sea: what gives the tune? Oikos 112:638–650
Christensen OB, Kjellström E, Zorita E (2015) Projected change – atmosphere. In: BACC Author Team (ed) Second assessment of climate change for the Baltic Sea basin. Regional Climate Studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 217–233
Cole JJ, Findley S, Pace ML (1988) Bacterial production in fresh- and saltwater ecosystems: a cross-system overview. Marine Ecology Progress Series 43:1–10
Cushing DH (1990) Plankton production and year-class strength in fish populations: an update of the Match/Mismatch hypothesis. Advances in Marine Biology 26:249–293
Dahlgren K, Olsen BR, Troedsson C, Båmstedt U (2012) Seasonal variation in wax ester concentration and gut content in a Baltic Sea copepod [Limnocalanus macrurus (Sars 1863)]. Journal of Plankton Research 34:286–297
Eilola K, Mårtensson S, Meier HEM (2013) Modeling the impact of reduced sea ice cover in future climate on the Baltic Sea biogeochemistry. Geophysical Reseach Letters 40:1–6
Fenchel T (1987) Ecology of protozoa: the biology of free-living phagotrophic protists. Springer, Berlin 197 pp
Fenchel T, Kristensen LD, Rasmussen L (1990) Water column anoxia: vertical zonation of planktonic protozoa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 62:1–10
Flinkman J, Vuorinen I, Aro E (1992) Planktivorous Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) prey selectively on reproducing copepods and cladocerans. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:73–77
Flinkman J, Vuorinen I, Christiansen M (1994) Calanoid copepod eggs survive passage through fish digestive tracts. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51:127–129
Flinkman J, Aro E, Vuorinen I, Viitasalo M (1998) Changes in the northern Baltic zooplankton and herring nutrition from 1980s to 1990s: top-down and bottom-up processes at work. Marine Ecology Progress Series 165:127–136
Folke C, Hammar M, Jansson AM (1991) Life-support value of ecosystems: a case study of the Baltic Sea region. Ecological Economics 3:123–137
Fuhrman JA (2002) Community structure and function in prokaryotic marine plankton. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81:521–527
Funkey CP, Conley DJ, Reuss NS, Humborg C, Jilbert T, Slomp CP (2014) Hypoxia sustains Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Technology 48:2598–2602
Gismervik I, Andersen T (1997) Prey switching by Acartia clausi: experimental evidence and implications of intraguild predation assessed by a model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 157:247–259
Glaubitz S, Lueders T, Abraham WR, Jost G, Jürgens K, Labrenz M (2009) 13C-isotope analyses reveal that chemolithoautotrophic Gamma- and Epsilonproteobacteria feed a microbial food web in a pelagic redoxcline of the central Baltic Sea. Environmental Microbiology 11:326–337
Glaubitz S, Kießlich K, Meeske C, Labrenz M, Jürgens K (2013) SUP05 dominates the gammaproteobacterial sulfur oxidizer assemblages in pelagic redoxclines of the central Baltic and Black Seas. Applied and Environment Microbiology 79:2767–2776
Gocke K, Rheinheimer G (1991) A synoptic survey on bacterial numbers, biomass and activity along the middle line of the Baltic Sea. Kieler Meeresforschungen Sonderheft 8:1–7
Gorokhova E, Fagerberg T, Hansson S (2004) Predation by herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) on Cercopagis pengoi in a western Baltic Sea bay. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61:959–965
Gorokhova E, Hansson S, Höglander H, Andersen CM (2005) Stable isotopes show food web changes after invasion by the predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi in a Baltic Sea bay. Oecologia 143:25–259
Gorokhova E, Lehtiniemi M, Viitasalo-Frösen S, Haddock SHD (2009) Molecular evidence for the occurrence of ctenophore Mertensia ovum in the northern Baltic Sea and implications for the status of the Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion. Limnology and Oceanography 54:2025–2033
Gorokhova E, Hajdu S, Larsson U (2014) Responses of phyto- and zooplankton communities to Prymnesium polylepis (Prymnesiales) bloom in the Baltic Sea. PLoS ONE 9(11):e112985
Granskog M, Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H, Thomas DN, Vainio J (2006) Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – a review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 70:145–160
Grote J, Jost G, Labrenz M, Herndl GJ, Jürgens K (2008) Epsilonproteobacteria represent the major portion of chemoautotrophic bacteria in sulfidic waters of pelagic redoxclines of the Baltic and Black Seas. Applied and Environment Microbiology 74:7546–7551
Grote J, Schott T, Bruckner CG, Glöckner FO, Jost G et al (2012) Genome and physiology of a model Epsilonproteobacterium responsible for sulfide detoxification in marine oxygen depletion zones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109:506–510
Hagström Å, Pinhassi J, Zweifel UL (2000) Biogeographical diversity among marine bacterioplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 21:231–244
Hajdu S, Larsson U, Moestrup O (1996) Seasonal dynamics of Chrysochromulina species (Prymnesiophyceae) in a coastal area and a nutrient-enriched inlet of the northern Baltic proper. Botanica Marina 39:281–295
Hajdu S, Edler L, Olenina I, Witek B (2000) Spreading and establishment of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in the Baltic Sea. International Review of Hydrobiology 85:561–575
Hajdu S, Pertola S, Kuosa H (2005) Prorocentrum minimum (Dinophyceae) in the Baltic Sea: morphology, occurrence – a review. Harmful Algae 4:471–480
Hakala T, Viitasalo M, Rita H, Aro E, Flinkman J, Vuorinen I (2003) Temporal and spatial variability in the growth rates of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras L.) larvae during summer. Marine Biology 142:25–33
Halinen K, Jokela J, Fewer DP, Wahlsten M, Sivonen K (2007) Direct evidence for production of microcystins by Anabaena strains from the Baltic Sea. Applied and Environment Microbiology 73:6543–6550
Hällfors G (2004) Checklist of Baltic Sea phytoplankton species. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings 95:1–208
Hänninen J, Vuorinen I, Hjelt P (2000) Climatic factors in the Atlantic control the oceanographic and ecological changes in the Baltic Sea. Limnology and Oceanography 45:703–710
Harding KC, Härkönen T (1999) Development in the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) populations during the 20th century. Ambio 28:619–627
Heiskanen AS (1998) Factors governing sedimentation and pelagic nutrient cycles in the northern Baltic Sea. University of Helsinki, Tammer-Paino Oy, Tampere [PhD Thesis]
HELCOM (2015) Manual for marine monitoring in the COMBINE programme of HELCOM. HELCOM, Helsinki, 413 pp. http://www.helcom.fi
Henriksen P (2009) Long-term changes in phytoplankton in the Kattegat, the Belt Sea, the Sound and the western Baltic Sea. Journal of Sea Research 61:114–123
Hensen V (1887) Über die Bestimmung des Planktons oder des im Meer treibenden Materials an Pflanzen und Thieren. Bericht der Kommission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere 5:1–108 [in German]
Herlemann DPR, Labrenz M, Jürgens K, Bertilsson S, Waniek JJ, Andersson AF (2011) Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2,000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. The ISME Journal 5:1571–1579
Herlemann DPR, Lundin D, Labrenz M, Jürgens K, Zheng Z et al (2013) Metagenomic de novo assembly of an aquatic representative of the Verrucomicrobia class Spartobacteria. mBio 4(3):e00569-12
Herlemann DPR, Manecki M, Meeske C, Pollehne F, Labrenz M et al (2014) Uncoupling of bacterial and terrigenous dissolved organic matter dynamics in decomposition experiments. PLoS ONE 9(4):e93945
Hernroth L, Ackefors H (1979) The zooplankton of the Baltic Proper. A long-term investigation of the fauna, its biology and ecology. Report of the Fishery Board of Sweden, Institute of Marine Research 2:1–59
Holmfeldt K, Dziallas C, Titelman J, Pohlmann K, Grossart HP, Riemann L (2009) Diversity and abundance of freshwater actinobacteria along environmental gradients in the brackish northern Baltic Sea. Environmental Microbiology 11:2042–2054
Hügler M, Sievert SM (2011) Beyond the Calvin cycle: autotrophic carbon fixation in the ocean. Annual Review of Marine Sciences 3:261–289
Jaanus A, Andersson A, Olenina I, Törning K, Kaljurand K (2011) Changes in phytoplankton communities along a north-south gradient in the Baltic Sea between 1990 and 2008. Boreal Environment Research 16(supplement A):191–208
Jochem F, Babenerd B (1989) Naked Dictyocha speculum – a new type of phytoplankton bloom in the western Baltic. Marine Biology 103:373–379
Johansson S (1983) Annual dynamics and production of rotifers in a eutrophication gradient in the Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia 14:335–340
Johansson M, Gorokhova E, Larsson U (2004) Annual variability in ciliate community structure, potential prey and predators in the open northern Baltic Sea proper. Journal of Plankton Research 26:67–80
Johnson MD, Oldach D, Delwiche CF, Stoecker DK (2007) Retention of transcriptionally active cryptophyte nuclei by the ciliate Myrionecta rubra. Nature 445:426–428
Jost G, Martens-Habbena W, Pollehne F, Schnetger B, Labrenz M (2010) Anaerobic sulfur oxidation in the absence of nitrate dominates microbial chemoautotrophy beneath the pelagic chemocline of the Eastern Gotland basin, Baltic Sea. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 71:226–236
Jürgens K, Massana R (2008) Protistan grazing on marine bacterioplankton. In: Kirchman DL (ed) Microbial ecology of the oceans, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 383–441
Kahru M, Elmgren R (2014) Multi-decadal time series of satellite-detected accumulations of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Biogeosciences 11:3619–3633
Kaitala S, Hällfors S, Maunula P (2011) Phytoplankton biomass and species succession. HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheet. http://www.helcom.fi
Karlson K, Bonsdorff E, Rosenberg R (2007) The impact of benthic macrofauna for nutrient fluxes from Baltic Sea sediments. Ambio 36:161–167
Katajisto T (1996) Copepod eggs survive a decade in the sediments of the Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia 320:153–159
Katajisto T (2004) Effects of anoxia and hypoxia on the dormancy and survival of subitaneous eggs of Acartia bifilosa (Copepoda: Calanoida). Marine Biology 145:751–757
King N, Westbrook MJ, Young SL, Kuo A, Abedin M et al (2008) The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans. Nature 451:783–788
Kiørboe T, Saiz E, Viitasalo M (1996) Prey switching behaviours in the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 143:65–75
Kisand V, Andersson N, Wikner J (2005) Bacterial freshwater species successfully immigrate to the brackish water environment in the northern Baltic. Limnology and Oceanography 50:945–956
Kivi K, Kuosa H, Tanskanen S (1996) An experimental study on the role of crustacean and microprotozoan grazers in the planktonic food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series 136:59–68
Klais R, Tamminen T, Kremp A, Spilling K, Olli K (2011) Decadal-scale changes of dinoflagellates and diatoms in the anomalous Baltic Sea spring bloom. PLoS ONE 6(6):e21567
Klais R, Tamminen T, Kremp A, Spilling K, Woong An B et al (2013) Spring phytoplankton communities shaped by interannual weather variability and dispersal limitation: mechanisms of climate change effects on key coastal primary producers. Limnology and Oceanography 58:753–762
Koski M, Schmidt K, Engström-Öst J, Viitasalo M, Jónasdóttir SH et al (2002) Calanoid copepods feed and produce eggs in the presence of toxic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena. Limnology and Oceanography 47:878–885
Kremp A, Tamminen T, Spilling K (2008) Dinoflagellate bloom formation in natural assemblages with diatoms: nutrient competition and growth strategies in Baltic spring phytoplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 50:181–196
Kremp A, Lindholm T, Dreßler N, Erler K, Gerdts G et al (2009) Bloom forming Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) in shallow waters of the Åland archipelago, Northern Baltic Sea. Harmful Algae 8:318–328
Kuosa H, Kivi K (1989) Bacteria and heterotrophic flagellates in the pelagic carbon cycle in the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 53:93–100
Laamanen M, Kuosa H (2005) Annual variability of biomass and heterocysts of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in the Baltic Sea with reference to Anabaena spp. and Nodularia spumigena. Boreal Environment Research 10:19–30
Laanemets J, Kononen K, Pavelson J, Poutanen EL (2004) Vertical location of seasonal nutriclines in the western Gulf of Finland. Journal of Marine Systems 52:1–13
Labrenz M, Sintes E, Toetzke F, Zumsteg A, Herndl GJ et al (2010) Relevance of a crenarchaeotal subcluster related to Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus to ammonia oxidation in the suboxic zone of the central Baltic Sea. The ISME Journal 4:1496–1508
Labrenz M, Grote J, Mammitzsch K, Boschker HTS, Laue M et al (2013) Sulfurimonas gotlandica sp. nov., a chemoautotrophic and psychrotolerant Epsilonproteobacterium isolated from a pelagic redoxcline, and an emended description of the genus Sulfurimonas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63:4141–4148
Lagus A (2009) Role of nutrients in regulation of phytoplankton community in the Archipelago Sea, northern Baltic Sea. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Ser. AII 239:1–56 [PhD Thesis]
Langenheder S, Kisand V, Wikner J, Tranvik LJ (2003) Salinity as a structuring factor for the composition and performance of bacterioplankton degrading riverine DOC. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 45:189–202
Larsson U, Nyberg S, Andreasson K, Lindahl O, Wikner J (2010) Phytoplankton production – measurements with problems. Havet – om miljötillståndet i svenska havsområden 2010:26–29 [in Swedish]
Larsson J, Celepli N, Ininbergs K, Dupont CL, Yooseph S et al (2014a) Picocyanobacteria containing a novel pigment gene cluster dominate the brackish-water Baltic Sea. The ISME Journal 8:1892–1903
Larsson K, Hajdu S, Kilpi M, Larsson R, Leito A et al (2014b) Effects of an extensive Prymnesium polylepis bloom on breeding eiders in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Sea Research 88:21–28
Leadbeater BSC, Yu Q, Kent J, Stekel D (2009) Three-dimensional images of choanoflagellate loricae. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:3–11
Lefébure R, Degerman R, Andersson A, Larsson S, Eriksson LO et al (2013) Impacts of elevated terrestrial nutrient loads and temperature on pelagic food-web efficiency and fish production. Global Change Biology 19:1358–1372
Legendre L, Rassoulzadegan F (1995) Plankton and nutrient dynamics in marine waters. Ophelia 41:153–172
Lehmann A, Myrberg K (2008) Upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 74:S3–S12
Lehtimäki J, Moisander P, Sivonen K, Kononen K (1997) Growth, nitrogen fixation, and nodularin production by two Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. Applied and Environment Microbiology 63:1647–1656
Leppäkoski E, Olenin S (2000) Non-native species and rates of spread: lessons from the brackish Baltic Sea. Biological Invasions 2:151–163
Lewandowska AM, Sommer U (2010) Climate change and the spring bloom: a mesocosm study on the influence of light and temperature on phytoplankton and mesozooplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 405:101–111
Lignell R, Heiskanen AS, Kuosa H, Gundersen K, Kuuppo-Leinikki P et al (1993) Fate of phytoplankton spring bloom: sedimentation and carbon flow in the planktonic food web in the northern Baltic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 94:239–252
Lignell R, Hoikkala L, Lahtinen T (2008) Effects of inorganic nutrients, glucose and solar radiation on bacterial growth and exploitation of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the northern Baltic Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 51:209–221
Lindholm T, Nummelin C (1999) Red tide of the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra (Dinophyta) in a ferry-mixed coastal inlet. Hydrobiologia 393:245–251
Lohmann H (1908) Untersuchungen zur Feststellung des vollständigen Gehaltes des Meeres an Plankton. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchung Abteilung Kiel N.F. 10:131–370 [in German]
Lumberg A, Ojaveer E (1991) On the environment and zooplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Finland in 1961–1990. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology 1(N3):131–140
Lundström K, Hjerne O, Lunneryd SG, Karlsson O (2010) Understanding the diet composition of marine mammals: grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67:1230–1239
Maar M, Visser AW, Nielsen TG, Stips A, Saito H (2006) Turbulence and feeding behaviour affect the vertical distributions of Oithona similis and Microsetella norwegica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 313:157–172
MacKenzie BR, Köster FW (2004) Fish production and climate: sprat in the Baltic Sea. Ecology 85:784–794
MacKenzie BR, Alheit J, Conley DJ, Holm P, Kinze CK (2002) Ecological hypotheses for a historical reconstruction of upper trophic level biomass in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:173–190
MacKenzie BR, Gislason H, Möllmann C, Köster FW (2007) Impact of 21st century climate change on the Baltic Sea fish community and fisheries. Global Change Biology 13:1–20
MacKenzie BR, Eero M, Ojaveer H (2011) Could seals prevent cod recovery in the Baltic Sea? PLoS ONE 6(5):e18998
Majaneva M, Rintala JM, Hajdu S, Hällfors S, Hällfors G et al (2012) The extensive bloom of alternate-stage Prymnesium polylepis (Haptophyta) in the Baltic Sea during autumn–spring 2007–2008. European Journal of Phycology 47:310–320
Marcotte BM (1982) Evolution within the Crustacea. Part 2: Copepoda. In: Abele LG (ed) The biology of Crustacea, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 185–197
Meier HEM (2015) Projected change – marine physics. In: BACC Author Team (ed) Second assessment of climate change for the Baltic Sea basin. Regional Climate Studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 243–252
Meier HEM, Andersson HC, Eilola K, Gustafsson BG, Kuznetsov I et al (2011) Hypoxia in future climates – a model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea. Geophysical Reseach Letters 38:L24608
Meier HEM, Müller-Karulis B, Andersson HC, Dieterich C, Eilola K et al (2012) Impact of climate change on ecological quality indicators and biogeochemical fluxes in the Baltic Sea: A multi-model ensemble study. Ambio 41:558–573
Mills CE (2001) Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia 451:55–68
Miyashita LK, Gaeta SA, Lopes RM (2011) Life cycle and reproductive traits of marine podonids (Cladocera, Onychopoda) in a coastal subtropical area. Journal of Plankton Research 33:779–792
Möllmann C, Kornilovs G, Sidrevics L (2000) Long-term dynamics of main mesozooplankton species in the central Baltic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 22:2015–2038
Möllmann C, Kornilovs G, Fetter M, Köster FW (2005) Climate, zooplankton and pelagic fish growth in the central Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:1270–1280
Muro-Pastor AM, Hess WR (2012) Heterocyst differentiation: from single mutants to global approaches. Trends in Microbiology 20:549–557
Myung G, Hyung SK, Jong SP, Myung GP, Wonho Y (2011) Population growth and plastic type of Myrionecta rubra depend on the kinds of available cryptomonad prey. Harmful Algae 10:536–541
Nissling A, Müller A, Hinrichsen HH (2003) Specific gravity and vertical distribution of sprat (Sprattus sprattus) eggs in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Fish Biology 63:280–299
Ojaveer E, Lindroth A, Bagge O, Lehtonen H, Toivonen J (1981) Fish and Fisheries. In: Voipio A (ed) The Baltic Sea. Elsevier Oceanography Series, vol 30, pp 275–350
Ojaveer E, Lumberg A, Ojaveer H (1998) Highlights of zooplankton dynamics in Estonian waters (Baltic Sea). ICES Journal of Marine Science 55:748–755
Ojaveer H, Simm M, Lankov A (2004) Population dynamics and ecological impact of the non-indigenous Cercopagis pengoi in the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea). Hydrobiologia 522:261–269
Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, Andersson A, Wasmund N et al (2006) Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings 106:1–144
Olli K, Trunov K (2010) Abundance and distribution of vernal bloom dinoflagellate cysts in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Riga (the Baltic Sea). Deep-Sea Research II 57:235–242
Olli K, Klais R, Tamminen T, Ptacnik R, Andersen T (2011) Long term changes in the Baltic Sea phytoplankton community. Boreal Environment Research 16:3–14
Olli K, Ptacnik R, Andersen T, Trikk O, Klais R et al (2014) Against the tide: recent diversity increase enhances resource use in a coastal system. Limnology and Oceanography 59:267–274
Österblom H, Hansson S, Larsson U, Hjerne O, Wulff F et al (2007) Human-induced trophic cascades and ecological regime shifts in the Baltic Sea. Ecosystems 10:877–889
Paxinos R, Mitchell JG (2000) A rapid Utermöhl method for estimating algal numbers. Journal of Plankton Research 22:2255–2262
Pearre S (1982) Estimating prey preference by predators: uses of various indices, and a proposal of another based on χ2. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:914–923
Pertola S, Koski M, Viitasalo M (2002) Stoichiometry of mesozooplankton in N- and P-limited areas of the Baltic Sea. Marine Biology 140:425–434
Pinhassi J, Winding A, Binnerup SJ, Zweifel UL, Riemann B, Hagström Å (2003) Spatial variability in bacterioplankton community composition at the Skagerrak-Kattegat front. Marine Ecology Progress Series 255:1–13
Ptacnik R, Andersen T, Brettum P, Lepistö L, Willén E (2010) Regional species pools control community saturation in lake phytoplankton. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:3755–3764
Rajasilta M, Hänninen J, Vuorinen I (2014) Decreasing salinity improves the feeding conditions of the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) during spring in the Bothnian Sea, northern Baltic. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71:1148–1152
Rand PS, Stewart DJ (1998) Prey fish exploitation, salmonine production, and pelagic food web efficiency in Lake Ontario. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:318–327
Rantajärvi E, Olsonen R, Hällfors S, Leppänen JM, Raateoja M (1998) Effect of sampling frequency on detection of natural variability in phytoplankton: unattended high-frequency measurements on board ferries in the Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55:697–704
Remane A (1934) Die Brackwasserfauna. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 36:34–74 [in German]
Repka S, Meyerhöfer M, von Bröckel K, Sivonen K (2004) Associations of cyanobacterial toxin, nodularin, with environmental factors and zooplankton in the Baltic Sea. Microbial Ecology 47:350–358
Rheinheimer G (1974) Bakterien und Pilze. In: Magaard L, Rheinheimer G (eds) Meereskunde der Ostsee. Springer, Berlin, pp 161–170 [in German]
Rheinheimer G (ed) (1977) Microbial ecology of a brackish water environment. Ecological Studies, vol 25. Springer, Berlin, 296 pp
Rheinheimer G (1984) Bacterial ecology of the North and Baltic seas. Botanica Marina 27:277–299
Riemann L, Leitet C, Pommier T, Simu K, Holmfeldt K et al (2008) The native bacterioplankton community in the central Baltic Sea is influenced by freshwater bacterial species. Applied and Environment Microbiology 74:503–515
Rönkkönen S, Ojaveer E, Raid T, Viitasalo M (2003) Long-term changes in the Baltic herring growth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:219–229
Rudstam LG, Hansson S, Johansson S, Larsson U (1992) Dynamics of planktivory in a coastal area of the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 80:159–173
Rychert K (2011) Communities of heterotrophic protists (Protozoa) in the near-bottom zone of the Gdańsk basin. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 40:67–73
Salka I, Wurzbacher C, Garcia SL, Labrenz M, Jürgens K, Grossart HP (2014) Distribution of acI-actinorhodopsin genes in Baltic Sea salinity gradients indicates adaptation of facultative freshwater photoheterotrophs to brackish waters. Environmental Microbiology 16:586–597
Samuelsson K, Berglund J, Haecky P, Andersson A (2002) Structural changes in an aquatic microbial food web caused by inorganic nutrient addition. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 29:29–38
Samuelsson K, Berglund J, Andersson A (2006) Factors controlling the heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate community along a brackish water primary production gradient. Journal of Plankton Research 28:345–359
Sandberg J, Andersson A, Johansson S, Wikner J (2004) Pelagic food web structure and carbon budget in the northern Baltic Sea: potential importance of terrigenous carbon. Marine Ecology Progress Series 268:13–29
Sandström O (1980) Selective feeding by Baltic herring. Hydrobiologia 69:199–207
Schneider G, Behrends G (1994) Population dynamics and the trophic role of Aurelia aurita medusae in the Kiel Bight and western Baltic. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51:359–367
Schumann R, Rieling T, Görs S, Hammer A, Selig U, Schiewer U (2003) Viability of bacteria from different aquatic habitats I. Environmental conditions and productivity. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 32:121–135
Segerstråle SG (1969) Biological fluctuations in the Baltic Sea. Progress in Oceanography 5:169–184
Seppälä J, Ylöstalo P, Kaitala S, Hällfors S, Raateoja M, Maunula P (2007) Ship-of-opportunity based phycocyanin fluorescence monitoring of the filamentous cyanobacteria bloom dynamics in the Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 73:489–500
Setälä O, Kivi K (2003) Planktonic ciliates in the Baltic Sea in summer. Distribution, species association and estimated grazing impact. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 32:287–297
Simon M, Grossart HP, Schweitzer B, Ploug H (2002) Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 28:175–211
Simu K, Holmfeldt K, Zweifel UL, Hagström Å (2005) Culturability and coexistence of colony-forming and single-cell marine bacterioplankton. Applied and Environment Microbiology 71:4793–4800
Sivonen K, Kononen K, Carmichael WW, Dahlem AM, Rinehart KL et al (1989) Occurrence of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea and structure of the toxin. Applied and Environment Microbiology 55:1990–1995
Sivonen K, Niemelä SI, Niemi RM, Lepistö L, Luoma TH, Räsänen LA (1990) Toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Finnish fresh and coastal waters. Hydrobiologia 190:267–275
Smayda TJ, Trainer VL (2010) Dinoflagellate blooms in upwelling systems: seeding, variability, and contrasts with diatom bloom behaviour. Progress in Oceanography 85:92–107
Smetacek V (1981) The annual cycle of protozooplankton in the Kiel Bight. Marine Biology 63:1–11
Snoeijs P, Häubner N (2014) Astaxanthin dynamics in Baltic Sea mesozooplankton communities. Journal of Sea Research 85:131–143
Sprules W, Bowerman J (1988) Omnivory and food web lengths in zooplankton food webs. Ecology 69:418–426
Stewart KD, Mattox KR (1980) Phylogeny of phytoflagellates. In: Cox ER (ed) Phytoflagellates. Developments in Marine Biology, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 433–462
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK et al (eds) (2013) The physical science basis – contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1535 pp
Straile D (1997) Gross growth efficiencies of protozoan and metazoan zooplankton and their dependence on food concentration, predator-prey weight ratio, and taxonomic group. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1375–1385
Suikkanen S, Laamanen M, Huttunen M (2007) Long-term changes in summer phytoplankton communities of the open northern Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71:580–592
Suikkanen S, Pulina S, Engström-Öst J, Lehtiniemi M, Lehtinen S, Brutemark A (2013) Climate change and eutrophication induced shifts in northern summer plankton communities. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66475
Tamminen T, Andersen T (2007) Seasonal phytoplankton nutrient limitation patterns as revealed by bioassays over Baltic Sea gradients of salinity and eutrophication. Marine Ecology Progress Series 340:121–138
Telesh I, Heerkloss R (2004) Atlas of Estuarine Zooplankton of the Southern and Eastern Baltic Sea. Part II: Crustacea. Verlag Dr. Kovač, Hamburg, p 118
Thompson RM, Hemberg M, Strazomski BM, Shurin JB (2007) Trophic levels and trophic tangels: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs. Ecology 88:612–617
Uiboupin R, Laanemets J, Sipelgas L, Raag L, Lips I, Buhhalko N (2012) Monitoring the effect of upwelling on the chlorophyll a distribution in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic sea) using remote sensing and in situ data. Oceanologia 54:395–419
Uitto A, Heiskanen AS, Lignell R, Autio R, Pajuniemi R (1997) Summer dynamics of the coastal planktonic food web in the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 151:27–41
Utermöhl H (1931) Neue Wege in der quantitativen Erfassung des Planktons (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ultraplanktons). Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 5:567–595 [in German]
Utermöhl H (1958) Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitteilungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 9:1–38 [in German]
Vahtera E, Conley DJ, Gustafsson BG, Kuosa H, Pitkänen H et al (2007) Internal ecosystem feedbacks enhance nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms and complicate management in the Baltic Sea. Ambio 36:186–194
Viherluoto M, Kuosa H, Flinkman J, Viitasalo M (2000) Food utilisation of pelagic mysids, Mysis mixta and M. relicta during their growing season in the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Biology 136:553–559
Viitasalo M (1992a) Mesozooplankton of the Gulf of Finland and northern Baltic Proper – a review of monitoring data. Ophelia 35:147–168
Viitasalo M (1992b) Calanoid resting eggs in the Baltic Sea: implications for the population dynamics of Acartia bifilosa (Copepoda). Marine Biology 114:397–405
Viitasalo M, Katajisto T (1994) Mesozooplankton resting eggs in the Baltic Sea – identification and vertical distribution in laminated and mixed sediments. Marine Biology 120:455–466
Viitasalo M, Rautio M (1998) Zooplanktivory by Praunus flexuosus (Crustacea: Mysidacea): functional responses and prey selection in relation to prey escape responses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 174:77–87
Viitasalo M, Koski M, Pellikka K, Johansson S (1995) Seasonal and long-term variations in the body size of planktonic copepods in the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Biology 123:241–250
Viitasalo M, Kiørboe T, Flinkman J, Pedersen LW, Visser AW (1998) Predation vulnerability of planktonic copepods: consequences of predator foraging strategies and prey sensory abilities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 175:129–145
Viitasalo M, Rosenberg M, Heiskanen AS, Koski M (1999) Sedimentation of copepod fecal material in the coastal northern Baltic Sea: where did all the pellets go? Limnology and Oceanography 44:1388–1399
Viitasalo M, Flinkman J, Viherluoto M (2001) Zooplanktivory in the Baltic Sea: a comparison of prey selectivity by Clupea harengus and Mysis mixta, with reference to prey escape reactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 216:191–200
Viitasalo M, Blenckner T, Gårdmark A, Kaartokallio H, Kautsky L et al (2015) Environmental impacts – marine ecosystems. In BACC Author Team (ed) Second assessment of climate change for the Baltic Sea basin. Regional Climate Studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 363–380
Vuorinen I, Rajasilta M, Salo J (1983) Selective predation and habitat shift in a copepod species – support for the predation hypothesis. Oecologia 59:62–64
Vuorinen I, Hänninen J, Rajasilta M, Laine P, Eklund J et al (2015) Scenario simulations of future salinity and ecological consequences in the Baltic Sea and adjacent North Sea areas – implications for environmental monitoring. Ecological Indicators 50:196–205
Wasmund N, Göbel J, von Bodungen B (2008) 100-years-changes in the phytoplankton community of Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea). Journal of Marine Systems 73:300–322
Wasmund N, Tuimala J, Suikkanen S, Vandepitte L, Kraberg A (2011) Long-term trends in phytoplankton composition in the western and central Baltic Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 87:145–159
Webb DG, Weaver AJ (1988) Predation and the evolution of free spawning in marine calanoid copepods. Oikos 51:189–192
Weber F, Anderson R, Foissner W, Mylnikov AP, Jürgens K (2014) Morphological and molecular approaches reveal highly stratified protist communities along Baltic Sea pelagic redox gradients. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 73:1–16
Welch HE (1968) Relationship between assimilation efficiencies and growth efficiencies for aquatic consumers. Ecology 49:755–759
Westin L, Nissling (1991) Effects of salinity on spermatozoa motility, percentage of fertilized eggs and egg development of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), and implications for cod stock fluctuations in the Baltic. Marine Biology 108:5–9
Wieland K, Waller U, Schnack D (1994) Development of Baltic cod eggs at different levels of temperature and oxygen content. Dana 10:163–177
Wieland K, Jarre-Teichmann A, Horbowa K (2000) Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:452–464
Wikner J, Andersson A (2012) Increased freshwater discharge shifts the trophic balance in the coastal zone of the northern Baltic Sea. Global Change Biology 18:2509–2519
Witek M (1998) Annual changes of abundance and biomass of planktonic ciliates in the Gdańsk basin, southern Baltic. International Review of Hydrobiology 83:163–182
Wohlers J, Engel A, Zöllner E, Breithaupt P, Jürgens K et al (2009) Changes in biogenic carbon flow in response to sea surface warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106:7067–7072
Wright JJ, Konwar KM, Hallam SJ (2012) Microbial ecology of expanding oxygen minimum zones. Nature Reviews Microbiology 10:381–394
Wylezich C, Karpov SA, Mylnikov AP, Anderson R, Jürgens K (2012) Ecologically relevant choanoflagellates collected from hypoxic water masses of the Baltic Sea have untypically mitochondrial cristae. BMC Microbiology 12:271, 13 pp
Zöllner E, Hoppe HG, Sommer U, Jürgens K (2009) Effect of zooplankton-mediated trophic cascades on marine microbial food web components (bacteria, nanoflagellates, ciliates). Limnology and Oceanography 54:262–275
Zweifel UL, Norrman B, Hagström Å (1993) Consumption of dissolved organic carbon by marine bacteria and demand for inorganic nutrients. Marine Ecology Progress Series 101:23–32
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Andersson, A., Tamminen, T., Lehtinen, S., Jürgens, K., Labrenz, M., Viitasalo, M. (2017). The pelagic food web. In: Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., Schubert, H., Radziejewska, T. (eds) Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0667-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0668-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)