Abstract
Without the possibility of preliminary professional analysis of possible versions of scenarios of more complex accidents with hazardous materials, each crime scene investigation of causes and forensically relevant circumstances of their occurrence can be nearly impossible, with irreparable and fatal failures of securing the crime scene and in all phases of crime scene investigation process. The author analyzes some of the (possible) hazardous materials major accidents (with examples from Croatia) and explains the importance for investigation of easily accessible professionally made and updated some key documents. This includes documents of health, safety and security (HSS) hazards analysis and risk assessment, plans and programs for prevention and protection as well as plans for emergency preparedness and response, for all those companies that manufacture, store or transport hazardous materials. Police ability to locate documents and provide professional insight regarding investigations enables adequate forensic exchange of expert information among members of crime scene investigation teams and helps the quality planning of phases and procedures of crime scene investigation according to available knowledge about relevant features of the accident under investigation. This way, there will be less possibility of losing key evidence, redundant investigation procedures/costs, unnecessary dealing with less important parts of procedural, technical and operative documentation. It is necessary to update current education programs for all accident investigators. Analytical methods, techniques and software tools used for making those professional documents can be of great help in searching, finding and testing logical connections of relevant macro- and micro-traces at the scene of accident with other important clues.
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- 1.
- 2.
Except, for example, in cases of unpredictable strong earthquakes, landslides or rockslides, hurricane-force winds, extremely heavy or unexpectedly heavy snow/rain (including walnut-sized hail/ice or high/heavy layers of snow), severe floods (bursting rivers or hydroaccumulation, including a sea-level rise or tsunami) and other natural disasters, which could not have been predicted on the basis of prescribed (obligatory) professional security analyses/studies and thus, it was not possible to undertake appropriate prescribed or recommended measures of necessary prevention and protection; or in cases of incidents such as falling aircraft parts or (explosion of) a burning meteorite, etc. which could not be predicted and/or prevented, nor is it possible to avoid or lessen, in an appropriate manner, their possible fatally dangerous and harmful impact.
- 3.
The reader should, for example, take into consideration circumstantial evidence of the sabotage by disgruntled workers, in the case of the Bhopal disaster (according to the forensic expertise by the engineering consulting firm Arthur D. Little) and circumstantial evidence of the media investigation (Le Figaro and L’Express) of a possible connection between the mysterious disappearance of 18.7 kg of Cr2O3, a month before the accident, and the explosion of ammonium nitrate waste storage unit in “Grande Paroisse S.A.” company (ex “Azoté de France/AZF”, Toulouse, France, 21 September 2001). Until then an unknown organized criminal terrorist group, which adopted the same name AZF, claimed responsibility for the accident. The group had attempted to extort money from the government of France by threatening to place improvised explosive devices (IEDs) along the nation’s rail lines and terrorized the French public at large in late February and early March in 2004.
- 4.
The Five Ws [also known as the Five Ws (and one H), or Six Ws], which are regularly asked during appropriate investigative/forensic methods, and are applied in techniques and procedures in every case of harmful or fatal incident, i.e. immediately after the information about the occurrence of possible criminal offence or its attempt, are: what (happened)?; where (did it happen)?; when (did it happen)?; how (did it happen)?; who (was involved and especially who caused/or attempted to cause the offence/who was the perpetrator)?; why (did it happen/the perpetrator’s motive for committing the offence)?
- 5.
See amendments in: (a) Directive 2003/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2003 amending Council Directive 96/82/EC on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances, and (b) Commission decision 98/433/EC of 26 June 1998 on harmonised criteria for dispensations according to Article 9 of Council Directive 96/82/EC on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances (notified under document number C (1998) 1758) (Text with EEA relevance).
- 6.
According to the requirements of this Directive, the Croatian government adopted the Regulation on Control of Major Industrial Accident Hazards (Uredba o sprječavanju velikih nesreća koje uključuju opasne stvari 2008) on September 30, 2008, which came into force on March 31, 2009, and which, among other things, defined the criteria for the categorization.
- 7.
In Croatia, according to the Articles 13 and 15-18 of the above mentioned Regulation and obligations from the Fire Protection Act (Zakon o zaštiti od požara 2010), from the elements of the plan and evaluations based on the Rulebook on the content of fire and technological explosion protection plan (Pravilnika o sadržaju plana zaštite od požara i tehnoloških eksplozija 1994), the Rulebook on drafting fire and technological explosions risk assessment (Pravilnik o izradi procjene ugroženosti od požara i tehnološke eksplozije 1994) and the Rulebook on methodology for risk assessment and plans for the protection and rescue (Pravilnik o metodologiji za izradu procjena ugroženosti i planova zaštite i spašavanja 2008).
- 8.
“Principles referred to in Article 7 and information referred to in Article 9 on the management system and the organization of the establishment with a view to the prevention of major accidents”.
- 9.
“Establishment” shall mean the whole area under the control of an operator where dangerous substances are present in one or more installations, including common or related infrastructures or activities [Article 3, par. 1 of the Seveso II Directive 1996 (EUR 22113 2005)].
- 10.
- 11.
By root cause we mean the first reason(s) which lead(s) to an unsafe event (process, act, action, condition or circumstances), which result(s) in an undesirable event or near-miss. In other words, elimination of such a cause can prevent the scenario leading to the accident. Among others, causes can be flaws in the management system, leading to the wrong design, mistakes in construction of separate parts of the facility, inappropriate material quality, assembly plant failures, maintenance or inspection failures, and even inadequate personnel policy.
- 12.
Thus, it is necessary (with the help of instructions and intelligence data) to carefully consider and assess all levels and possible influences of the following elements: a probability of an attack (a possibility to become a target and a possibility of its successful performance is the function of the following three variables), threat of an attack (the function of intent, motive and ability for performance of the familiar/common modus operandi of possible types of perpetrators), vulnerability to an attack (the indicator of probable successful performance of an attack, depending on the intent) and target attractiveness (which directly influences probability of an attack, depending on the perceived value and the level of interest for an attack).
- 13.
See amendments in: (a) Regulation (EC) NO 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, and (b) Commission Directive 2009/2/EC of 15 January 2009 amending, for the purpose of its adaptation to technical progress, for the 31st time, Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.
- 14.
In this sense, a 200-page report of the U.S. President’s Cancer Panel was recently published (29 April 2010), which states: Only a few hundred of the more than 80,000 chemicals in use in the United States have been tested for safety. It adds: Many known or suspected carcinogens are completely unregulated (Kristof 2010).
- 15.
A major breakthrough regarding HSS from potentially dangerous chemicals is expected from:
(a) further implementation of the European Regulation REACH (Regulation EC No. 1907/2006) and new risk assessments (required by the Directive 93/67/EEC for all new substances, Regulation EC No. 1488/94 for existing substances and the Directive 98/8/EC regarding biocidal active substances or important substances in biocidal products), full technical details for the implementation of each procedure step in hazard analysis and risk assessment of human health and environment, as described in EUR 20418 (2003).
(b) implementation of the unique “Globally Harmonized System” (GHS) of classification, labelling and packaging of dangerous substances – for details see, for example: UNECE (2009) or UNITAR (2008).
- 16.
It is believed that this requirement will result in a significant number and scope of research, as well as in a series of new, forensically interesting/useful examination methods and techniques for potentially hazardous properties of substances in many commercial products.
- 17.
For example, an assumed cause of the probable malfunctioning of a blowout preventer, a crucial fail-safe mechanism on the pipe near the ocean floor, at the critical moment of a severe blow of compressed natural gas through the oil-rig pipe, in the conditions of very high pressure (>13,8 MPa) and very low temperatures at the Gulf of Mexico seabed, which on 20 April, 2010 resulted in the explosion, fire and sinking of the BP oil-rig “Deepwater Horizon”, killing 11 people and setting off the largest oil spill in United States history and an environmental disaster.
- 18.
- 19.
It is possible in those incidents with hazardous substances when its effects become obvious only after a certain period of time or when the emission of a hazardous substance is greater than predicted at the beginning of its emission.
- 20.
Some of the most important Croatian legislative regulations and recommendations Nacionalna strategija kemijske sigurnosti (2008), Nacionalna strategija za prevenciju i suzbijanje terorizma (2008), Nacionalna strategija zaštite okoliša (2002), Pravilnik o registru postrojenja u kojima je utvrđena prisutnost opasnih tvari i o očevidniku prijavljenih velikih nesreća (2008), Zakon o prostornom uređenju i gradnji (2007), Zakon o zaštiti i spašavanju (2004).
- 21.
In Croatia, they are: the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, the National Protection and Rescue Directorate, the Croatian Institute for Toxicology. For some issues which are not regulated by professional regulations, research, opinions and recommendations are used from the Ruđer Bošković Institute, Croatian Institute for Health Protection and Safety at Work, and other numerous Croatian and international scientific-research institutions or associations competent for certain issues in the field of health, safety, security and protection.
- 22.
Especially regarding their likely direct or indirect involvement in the harmful event – as: a likely responsible (associate) designer; an (associate) equipment supplier and installation contractor; a contract regular (associate) maintenance/service technician; an (associate) licenser, of a still valid attest about adequateness and functionality and/or findings and certificate about recent regular, paid by the contract, proper operation check; an inspector (or his colleagues) from the appropriate state body competent for the regular administrative control or inspection, especially if, in his/their records about the results of some last preventive reviews, there are no warnings to the management/owner of likely failures, which should be eliminated as soon as possible, and which may have caused the accident – regarding the subject and content in question, relevant to investigative/forensic analysis, etc.
- 23.
In 5-year-period from 2004 to 2008, because of environment pollution, only 25 criminal offences against environment [Article 250, Chapter XIX of the Criminal Code (Kazneni zakon Republike Hrvatske 1997)] were reported, 23 of which have been so far successfully solved, regarding the perpetrator and circumstances of the offence (Crime Analysis Department of the Croatian Ministry of the Interior 2004–2008).
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Kulišić, D. (2011). The Benefits from Using Professionally Developed Models of Possible Hazardous Materials Accident Scenarios in Crime Scene Investigations. In: Meško, G., Dimitrijević, D., Fields, C. (eds) Understanding and Managing Threats to the Environment in South Eastern Europe. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0611-8_9
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