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Influences of the Ionosphere, Thermosphere and Magnetosphere on Ion Outflows

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The Dynamic Magnetosphere

Part of the book series: IAGA Special Sopron Book Series ((IAGA,volume 3))

Abstract

Ion outflows from the auroral and polar cap ionosphere are highly variable in composition, energy, space and time, and constitute an important source of plasma in the magnetosphere. The variety of ion outflows fall into two categories: bulk ion flows, including the polar wind and auroral bulk ion up-flow; and suprathermal ion outflows, including ion beams, ion conics, transversely accelerated ions and upwelling ions. The bulk ion flows constitute an important source of low-energy plasma for suprathermal ion outflows above the topside ionosphere, where transverse ion acceleration results in the generation of ion conics, and parallel electric field and magnetic folding contribute to the formation of ion beams at high altitudes. Both ion outflow categories are strongly influenced by the solar EUV irradiance and solar wind energy input and the state of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere. The acceleration of the polar wind and auroral up-flow is much larger and the ion flux of the up-flow is much lower at topside ionospheric altitudes at solar minimum than at solar maximum. Compared with H+ and He+, O+ ion beams and conics exhibit a much stronger dependence on magnetic and solar activity: the active-to-quiet time and solar maximum-to-minimum ratios of the O+ ion outflow rate being ∼20 and ∼5, respectively, compared with the ratios of 4 and 0.5 for H+, and resulting in a factor of 10 increase in O+/H+ ratio at solar maximum.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the funding support for this research from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Industrial Research Chair Program. We would also like to thank the NASA Heliophysics Program for support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada

    Andrew W. Yau

  2. Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA

    W.K. Peterson

  3. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan

    Takumi Abe

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  3. Takumi Abe
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Correspondence to Andrew W. Yau .

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  1. Spacecraft Engineering, Canadian Space Agency, route de l'Aeroport 6767, St.-Hubert, J3Y 8Y9, Québec, Canada

    William Liu

  2. Astronautical Science (ISAS), Institute of Space &, Yoshinodai 3-1-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8510, Japan

    Masaki Fujimoto

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Yau, A.W., Peterson, W., Abe, T. (2011). Influences of the Ionosphere, Thermosphere and Magnetosphere on Ion Outflows. In: Liu, W., Fujimoto, M. (eds) The Dynamic Magnetosphere. IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0501-2_16

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