Abstract
Cadmium is increasingly used in industrial processes and is therefore becoming a mounting threat to the environment and human health. Ubiquitination has emerged as an important regulation mechanism in many processes, so it is no surprise that this protein modification plays a central role in the cellular response to cadmium exposure. The key enzymes in the process of ubiquitination are the E3 ubiquitin ligases due to their ability to confer substrate specificity. We present an overview of the roles of three such E3 ubiquitin ligases during cadmium stress in yeast and human cells. We discuss substrates and regulatory mechanisms of budding yeast SCFMet30, fission yeast SCFPof1, and the mammalian Cul3/Keap1 ligase. The similarities and differences of these ubiquitin ligases that coordinate the cadmium stress response in yeast and human will be highlighted to describe the different mechanisms for cadmium sensing and detoxification.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Barbey R, Baudouin-Cornu P, Lee TA, Rouillon A, Zarzov P, Tyers M, Thomas D (2005) Inducible dissociation of SCF(Met30) ubiquitin ligase mediates a rapid transcriptional response to cadmium. Embo J 24:521–532
Baudouin-Cornu P, Labarre J (2006) Regulation of the cadmium stress response through SCF-like ubiquitin ligases: comparison between Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mammalian cells. Biochimie 88(11):1673–1685
Cardozo T, Pagano M (2004) The SCF ubiquitin ligase: insights into a molecular machine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:739–751
Chandrasekaran S, Deffenbaugh AE, Ford DA, Bailly E, Mathias N, Skowyra D (2006) Destabilization of binding to cofactors and SCFMet30 is the rate-limiting regulatory step in degradation of polyubiquitinated Met4. Mol Cell 24:689–699
Ciechanover A, Orian A, Schwartz AL (2000) The ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway: mode of action and clinical implications. J Cell Biochem Suppl 34:40–51
Cobbett CS (2000) Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol 123:825–832
Deshaies RJ, Joazeiro CA (2009) RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. Annu Rev Biochem 78:399–434
Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD, Cole RN, Itoh K, Wakabayashi N, Katoh Y, Yamamoto M, Talalay P (2002) Direct evidence that sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 are the sensors regulating induction of phase 2 enzymes that protect against carcinogens and oxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11908–11913
Eggler AL, Liu G, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Mesecar AD (2005) Modifying specific cysteines of the electrophile-sensing human Keap1 protein is insufficient to disrupt binding to the Nrf2 domain Neh2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10070–10075
Fauchon M, Lagniel G, Aude JC, Lombardia L, Soularue P, Petat C, Marguerie G, Sentenac A, Werner M, Labarre J (2002) Sulfur sparing in the yeast proteome in response to sulfur demand. Mol Cell 9:713–723
Flick K, Ouni I, Wohlschlegel JA, Capati C, McDonald WH, Yates JR, Kaiser P (2004) Proteolysis-independent regulation of the transcription factor Met4 by a single Lys 48-linked ubiquitin chain. Nat Cell Biol 6:634–641
Flick K, Raasi S, Zhang H, Yen JL, Kaiser P (2006) A ubiquitin-interacting motif protects polyubiquitinated Met4 from degradation by the 26S proteasome. Nat Cell Biol 8:509–515
Godon C, Lagniel G, Lee J, Buhler JM, Kieffer S, Perrot M, Boucherie H, Toledano MB, Labarre J (1998) The H2O2 stimulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 273:22480–22489
Goering PL, Waalkes MP, Klaassen CD (1994) Toxicology of metals, biochemical effects. In: Goyer RA, Cherian MG (Eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 115. Springer, New York, pp 189–214
Hamer DH (1986) Metallothionein. Annu Rev Biochem 55:913–951
Harrison C, Katayama S, Dhut S, Chen D, Jones N, Bahler J, Toda T (2005) SCF(Pof1)-ubiquitin and its target Zip1 transcription factor mediate cadmium response in fission yeast. Embo J 24:599–610
Haugen AC, Kelley R, Collins JB, Tucker CJ, Deng C, Afshari CA, Brown JM, Ideker T, Van Houten B (2004) Integrating phenotypic and expression profiles to map arsenic-response networks. Genome Biol 5:R95
He X, Ma Q (2010) Critical cysteine residues of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 in arsenic sensing and suppression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 332:66–75
He X, Chen MG, Lin GX, Ma Q (2006) Arsenic induces NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase I by disrupting the Nrf2 x Keap1 x Cul3 complex and recruiting Nrf2 x Maf to the antioxidant response element enhancer. J Biol Chem 281:23620–23631
He X, Chen MG, Ma Q (2008) Activation of Nrf2 in defense against cadmium-induced oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1375–1383
Hengstler JG, Bolm-Audorff U, Faldum A, Janssen K, Reifenrath M, Gotte W, Jung D, Mayer-Popken O, Fuchs J, Gebhard S, Bienfait HG, Schlink K, Dietrich C, Faust D, Epe B, Oesch F (2003) Occupational exposure to heavy metals: DNA damage induction and DNA repair inhibition prove co-exposures to cadmium, cobalt and lead as more dangerous than hitherto expected. Carcinogenesis 24:63–73
Hershko A, Ciechanover A (1998) The ubiquitin system. Annu Rev Biochem 67:425–479
Hong F, Sekhar KR, Freeman ML, Liebler DC (2005) Specific patterns of electrophile adduction trigger Keap1 ubiquitination and Nrf2 activation. J Biol Chem 280:31768–31775
Jackson PK, Eldridge AG, Freed E, Furstenthal L, Hsu JY, Kaiser BK, Reimann JD (2000) The lore of the RINGs: substrate recognition and catalysis by ubiquitin ligases. Trends Cell Biol 10:429–439
Jamieson DJ (1998) Oxidative stress responses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 14:1511–1527
Jamieson D (2002) Saving sulfur. Nat Genet 31:228–230
Jentsch S, Rumpf S (2007) Cdc48 (p97): a “molecular gearbox” in the ubiquitin pathway? Trends Biochem Sci 32:6–11
Jin YH, Clark AB, Slebos RJ, Al-Refai H, Taylor JA, Kunkel TA, Resnick MA, Gordenin DA (2003) Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair. Nat Genet 34:326–329
Jungmann J, Reins-H, Schobert C, Jentsch S (1993) Resistance to cadmium mediated by ubiquitin dependent proteolysis. Nature 361:369–371
Kaiser P, Flick K, Wittenberg C, Reed SI (2000) Regulation of transcription by ubiquitination without proteolysis: Cdc34/SCF(Met30)-mediated inactivation of the transcription factor Met4. Cell 102:303–314
Kaiser P, Su NY, Yen JL, Ouni I, Flick K (2006) The yeast ubiquitin ligase SCF-Met30: connecting environmental and intracellular conditions to cell division. Cell Div 1:16
Kee Y, Huibregtse JM (2007) Regulation of catalytic activities of HECT ubiquitin ligases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 354:329–333
Kerscher O, Felberbaum R, Hochstrasser M (2006) Modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 22:159–180
Kobayashi A, Kang MI, Okawa H, Ohtsuji M, Zenke Y, Chiba T, Igarashi K, Yamamoto M (2004) Oxidative stress sensor Keap1 functions as an adaptor for Cul3-based E3 ligase to regulate proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. Mol Cell Biol 24:7130–7139
Kuras L, Rouillon A, Lee T, Barbey R, Tyers M, Thomas D (2002) Dual regulation of the met4 transcription factor by ubiquitin-dependent degradation and inhibition of promoter recruitment. Mol Cell 10:69–80
Li W, Kong AN (2009) Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Mol Carcinog 48:91–104
Li ZS, Lu YP, Zhen RG, Szczypka M, Thiele DJ, Rea PA (1997) A new pathway for vacuolar cadmium sequestration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: YCF1-catalyzed transport of bis(glutathionato)cadmium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:42–47
Li W, Bengtson MH, Ulbrich A, Matsuda A, Reddy VA, Orth A, Chanda SK, Batalov S, Joazeiro CA (2008) Genome-wide and functional annotation of human E3 ubiquitin ligases identifies MULAN, a mitochondrial E3 that regulates the organelle’s dynamics and signaling. PLoS One 3:e1487
McMurray CT, Tainer JA (2003) Cancer, cadmium and genome integrity. Nat Genet 34:239–241
Mehra RK, Winge DR (1991) Metal ion resistance in fungi: molecular mechanisms and their regulated expression. J Cell Biochem 45:30–40
Meierhofer D, Wang X, Huang L, Kaiser P (2008) Quantitative analysis of global ubiquitination in HeLa cells by mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 7:4566–4576
Meister A, Anderson ME (1983) Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 52:711–760
Nguyen T, Sherratt PJ, Nioi P, Yang CS, Pickett CB (2005) Nrf2 controls constitutive and inducible expression of ARE-driven genes through a dynamic pathway involving nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by Keap1. J Biol Chem 280:32485–32492
Nguyen T, Nioi P, Pickett CB (2009) The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 284:13291–13295
Nijman SM, Luna-Vargas MP, Velds A, Brummelkamp TR, Dirac AM, Sixma TK, Bernards R (2005) A genomic and functional inventory of deubiquitinating enzymes. Cell 123:773–786
Patton EE, Peyraud C, Rouillon A, Surdin KY, Tyers M, Thomas D (2000) SCF(Met30)-mediated control of the transcriptional activator Met4 is required for the G(1)-S transition. Embo J 19:1613–1624
Peng J, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Thoreen CC, Cheng D, Marsischky G, Roelofs J, Finley D, Gygi SP (2003) A proteomics approach to understanding protein ubiquitination. Nat Biotechnol 21:921–926
Perego P, Howell SB (1997) Molecular mechanisms controlling sensitivity to toxic metal ions in yeast. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 147:312–318
Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ (2005) Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:9–20
Pickart CM (2004) Back to the future with ubiquitin. Cell 116:181–190
Rahighi S, Ikeda F, Kawasaki M, Akutsu M, Suzuki N, Kato R, Kensche T, Uejima T, Bloor S, Komander D, Randow F, Wakatsuki S, Dikic I (2009) Specific recognition of linear ubiquitin chains by NEMO is important for NF-kappaB activation. Cell 136:1098–1109
Rape M, Hoppe T, Gorr I, Kalocay M, Richly H, Jentsch S (2001) Mobilization of processed, membrane-tethered SPT23 transcription factor by CDC48(UFD1/NPL4), a ubiquitin-selective chaperone. Cell 107:667–677
Rouillon A, Barbey R, Patton EE, Tyers M, Thomas D (2000) Feedback-regulated degradation of the transcriptional activator Met4 is triggered by the SCF(Met30)complex. Embo J 19:282–294
Rumpf S, Jentsch S (2006) Functional division of substrate processing cofactors of the ubiquitin-selective Cdc48 chaperone. Mol Cell 21:261–269
Shcherbik N, Haines DS (2007) Cdc48p(Npl4p/Ufd1p) binds and segregates membrane-anchored/tethered complexes via a polyubiquitin signal present on the anchors. Mol Cell 25:385–397
Stewart D, Killeen E, Naquin R, Alam S, Alam J (2003) Degradation of transcription factor Nrf2 via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and stabilization by cadmium. J Biol Chem 278:2396–2402
Stohs SJ, Bagchi D (1995) Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med 18:321–336
Su NY, Flick K, Kaiser P (2005) The F-box protein Met30 is required for multiple steps in the budding yeast cell cycle. Mol Cell Biol 25:3875–3885
Thomas D, Surdin-Kerjan Y (1997) Metabolism of sulfur amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61:503–532
Tokunaga F, Sakata S, Saeki Y, Satomi Y, Kirisako T, Kamei K, Nakagawa T, Kato M, Murata S, Yamaoka S, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Takao T, Tanaka, K, Iwai K (2009) Involvement of linear polyubiquitylation of NEMO in NF-kappaB activation. Nat Cell Biol 11:123–132
Vido K, Spector D, Lagniel G, Lopez S, Toledano MB, Labarre J (2001) A proteome analysis of the cadmium response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 276:8469–8474
Wakabayashi N, Itoh K, Wakabayashi J, Motohashi H, Noda S, Takahashi S, Imakado S, Kotsuji T, Otsuka F, Roop DR, Harada T, Engel JD, Yamamoto M (2003) Keap1-null mutation leads to postnatal lethality due to constitutive Nrf2 activation. Nat Genet 35:238–245
Wheeler GL, Quinn KA, Perrone G, Dawes IW, Grant CM (2002) Glutathione regulates the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase via the Met4 transcription factor. Mol Microbiol 46:545–556
Wilkinson KD (2000) Ubiquitination and deubiquitination: targeting of proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:141–148
Willems AR, Schwab M, Tyers M (2004) A hitchhiker’s guide to the cullin ubiquitin ligases: SCF and its kin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1695:133–170
Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND (2004) Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr 134:489–492
Yamamoto T, Suzuki T, Kobayashi A, Wakabayashi J, Maher J, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M (2008) Physiological significance of reactive cysteine residues of Keap1 in determining Nrf2 activity. Mol Cell Biol 28:2758–2770
Yen JL, Su NY, Kaiser P (2005) The yeast ubiquitin ligase SCFMet30 regulates heavy metal response. Mol Biol Cell 16:1872–1882
Zalups RK, Ahmad S (2003) Molecular handling of cadmium in transporting epithelia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 186:163–188
Zhang DD, Hannink M (2003) Distinct cysteine residues in Keap1 are required for Keap1-dependent ubiquitination of Nrf2 and for stabilization of Nrf2 by chemopreventive agents and oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 23:8137–8151
Zhang DD, Lo SC, Cross JV, Templeton DJ, Hannink M (2004) Keap1 is a redox-regulated substrate adaptor protein for a Cul3-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex. Mol Cell Biol 24:10941–10953
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flick, K., Kaiser, P. (2011). Cellular Mechanisms to Respond to Cadmium Exposure: Ubiquitin Ligases. In: Banfalvi, G. (eds) Cellular Effects of Heavy Metals. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0428-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0428-2_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0427-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0428-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)