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STROMATOLITES: Interaction of Microbes with Sediments pp 187–222Cite as

Phosphatic Microbialites in the Triassic Phosphogenic Facies of Svalbard

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Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 18))

Abstract

The Triassic organic carbon-rich, phosphogenic facies setting in Svalbard, NW Barents Sea Shelf provides an insight into ancient shelf depositional system that shows similarities to modern phosphogenic shelves reinforced by coastal upwellings. Enhanced deposition and diagenesis of marine organic matter on the Svalbard shelf promoted phosphogenesis in bottom sediments that resulted in the formation of various nodular and peloidal phosphate deposits as well as peculiar phosphatic accumulations related to benthic activity of microbial mats. The phosphatic microbialites are interpreted to have been dominated by mats of colorless filamentous sulfur bacteria, which proliferated on elevated sediment bodies and submarine slopes under conditions of highly reduced or halted sedimentation. They provided local depositional systems capable of precipitating and significantly concentrating carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) in the sediment due to sealing of the sediment surface to phosphate diffusion, narrowing chemical gradients essential for the phosphorus pumps, reactive phosphate buildup, and the mineral precipitation. The precipitation of apatite was a very early pheno­menon that resulted in the formation of phosphatic matrix or cement filling the original pore space of biolaminated sediment sequences. The matrix formation was a complex process, involving pulses of apatite precipitation associated with fossilization of microbial communities, oxidation of organic matter, enrichment with rare earth elements, and pyritization of the phosphatic fabric. The formation of phosphatic matrix was limited to a narrow submat zone, which coincided with the upper limit of the sulfate reduction zone in organic-rich sediment. The horizons with well-defined phosphatic microbialites show high concentrations of CFA (up to 32 wt% P2O5), though their contribution to the phosphorus pool of the phosphogenic facies is subordinate. Nodular and peloidal accumulations dominate the phosphorite fraction of the Triassic sequence, but these phosphates usually give lower burial phosphorus concentrations in the sediment.

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 Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Professor Vinod C. Tewari for his invitation to contribute to this book. Fieldwork in Svalbard was supported by research grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education No. IPY/279/2006, and carried out under the aegis of the IVth International Polar Year project KINNVIKA (IPY ID: 564; Internal Project No. 10 “Geological processes in the formation of the Arctic phosphogenic province”). The manuscript benefited from review by David Soudry.

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  1. Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warszawa, Poland

    Krzysztof P. Krajewski

  2. Department of Antarctic Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ustrzycka 10/12, 02-141, Warszawa, Poland

    Krzysztof P. Krajewski

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Correspondence to Krzysztof P. Krajewski .

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  1. , Sedimentology Group, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, General Mahadeo Singh Road 33, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India

    Vinod Tewari

  2. University of Jerusalem, Mevo Hadas 20, Efrat, 90435, Israel

    Joseph Seckbach

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Krajewski, K.P. (2011). Phosphatic Microbialites in the Triassic Phosphogenic Facies of Svalbard. In: Tewari, V., Seckbach, J. (eds) STROMATOLITES: Interaction of Microbes with Sediments. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0397-1_9

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