Abstract
Brassica crops are grown worldwide for oil, food and feed purposes, and constitute a significant economic value due to their nutritional, medicinal, bioindustrial, biocontrol and crop rotation properties. Insect pests cause enormous yield and economic losses in Brassica crop production every year, and are a threat to global agriculture. In order to overcome these insect pests, Brassica species themselves use multiple defence mechanisms, which can be constitutive, inducible, induced, direct or indirect depending upon the insect or the degree of insect attack. Firstly, we give an overview of different Brassica species with the main focus on cultivated brassicas. Secondly, we describe insect pests that attack brassicas. Thirdly, we address multiple defence mechanisms, with the main focus on phytoalexins, sulphur, glucosinolates, the glucosinolate-myrosinase system and their breakdown products. In order to develop pest control strategies, it is important to study the chemical ecology, and insect behaviour. We review studies on oviposition regulation, multitrophic interactions involving feeding and host selection behaviour of parasitoids and predators of herbivores on brassicas. Regarding oviposition and trophic interactions, we outline insect oviposition behaviour, the importance of chemical stimulation, oviposition-deterring pheromones, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, nitriles, and phytoalexins and their importance towards pest management. Finally, we review brassicas as cover and trap crops, and as biocontrol, biofumigant and biocidal agents against insects and pathogens. Again, we emphasise glucosinolates, their breakdown products, and plant volatile compounds as key components in these processes, which have been considered beneficial in the past and hold great prospects for the future with respect to an integrated pest management.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Ingeborg Klingen, Ralph Kissen, Carolyn Baggerud and Sankalp Ahuja for critical reading of the article and providing constructive comments. We further thank three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions. The authors thank Drs. Jean-Marie Bossennec (France), Ian Kimber and Ben Smart (UK), Paolo Mazzei (Italy), and Anna Kusnierczyk (from our group) for providing insect pictures or giving permission to use insect images from homepages: (http://www.inra.fr/hyppz/pests.htm), (http://ukmoths.org.uk/show.php) and (http://www.leps.it/index.htm) to make Fig. 3. This work was supported by the grants No. 185173 (Plant innate immunity), No. 184146 (A systems biology approach for modelling of plant signalling and host defence) and No. 175691 (NKJ 126 - Genomic analyses and modelling of plant secondary metabolism for development of oilseed rape with improved pest resistance) from the Norwegian Research Council (RCN).
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Ahuja, I., Rohloff, J., Bones, A.M. (2011). Defence Mechanisms of Brassicaceae: Implications for Plant-Insect Interactions and Potential for Integrated Pest Management. In: Lichtfouse, E., Hamelin, M., Navarrete, M., Debaeke, P. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_28
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_28
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