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The Archaic Floras

  • Thomas DenkEmail author
  • Friðgeir Grímsson
  • Reinhard Zetter
  • Leifur A. Símonarson
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Topics in Geobiology book series (TGBI, volume 35)

Abstract

The oldest plant fossils currently known from Iceland are ca 15 Ma, their deposition coinciding with the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. At this time, forests in Iceland were dominated by mixed broadleaved deciduous and ­coniferous taxa with a few broadleaved evergreen genera such as Rhododendron and Ilex. Lowland forests were dominated by Glyptostrobus. Questions about the colonization history of Iceland or proto-Iceland are of particular interest since not much is known about the availability of effective land bridges allowing for colonization from Europe and/or North America at that time. In addition to geological data, in this chapter we use two lines of biological evidence to speculate about the early colonization of Iceland. First, we will examine the biogeographic patterns of key taxa such as Cryptomeria, Rhododendron ponticum-type, and Fagus friedrichii. Then we look at dispersal modes found in early colonizers of Iceland. Dispersal modes of at least some taxa indicate that Iceland was connected to the adjacent continents at the time of colonization. However, it cannot be determined when exactly this early colonization happened. The taxa recorded in the oldest sedimentary rocks in Iceland may have had different origins, either representing elements that were already present in the region since the Palaeogene or colonizing proto-Iceland from North America/Greenland and/or Europe later in the Neogene.

Keywords

Middle Miocene Mean Annual Temperature Plant Fossil Upland Forest Modern Analogue 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Authors and Affiliations

  • Thomas Denk
    • 1
    Email author
  • Friðgeir Grímsson
    • 2
  • Reinhard Zetter
    • 2
  • Leifur A. Símonarson
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of PalaeobotanySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
  2. 2.Department of PalaeontologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
  3. 3.Institute of Earth SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland

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