Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Past Examples of Multipopllutant Air Quality Management and Accountability

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Technical Challenges of Multipollutant Air Quality Management

  • 881 Accesses

Abstract

Historically, the primary direction for accountability assessment for exposure has relied on documentation of changes in emissions and ambient air quality as applied to the suite of regulated pollutants. Less attention has been given to retrospective evaluation of the projections for future changes as estimated from air quality modeling, and the evaluation or interpretation of changes in ambient air quality relative to projections. Even less attention has focused until recently on the determining changes or trends in improvement in human health or ecosystems resulting from air quality improvement. In this chapter, we concentrate on the aspects of accountability that should be documented in order to inform decision-makers regarding the effectiveness of management actions. The chapter shows that management actions have achieved pollution reductions, and that these actions have mitigated exposure to ambient air pollution. The principal measures of health and ecological trends over the last two decades have come from epidemiological studies and from measurement of surface water chemistry. The examples discussed do not represent a complete review of the range of actions taken and their consequences to air quality measures. However, they do provide the reader with some examples of change and trends relevant to multipollutant considerations, and give perspective to the use of management tools to achieve air quality goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In addition to ozone, photochemical oxidants include short-lived oxygenated intermediates, peroxides, nitric acid, and NO3 radical. These species are estimated to represent about 10% of the total oxidant concentration; the remainder is said to be ozone.

  2. 2.

    Selective VOC reduction by reactivity is under consideration as an efficient means of managing ozone, and one formal U.S. action has been taken for consideration of organic coatings. In some states, e.g., California, VOC reactivity is taken into account in the management of VOCs to reduce ozone concentrations (e.g., Avery 2006).

  3. 3.

    As of March 2008, the U.S. NAAQS was changed by the EPA Administrator from 0.080 ppm 8-h average of daily maxima to 0.075 ppm 8-h average of daily maxima, changing the non-attainment designations across the country.

  4. 4.

    The current picture of increases in tropospheric ozone concentrations in the northern hemisphere is more complex that a simple monotonic increase, and varies by geographical region as noted by Oltmans et al. (2006); Vingarzan and Taylor (2003).

  5. 5.

    SUM06 ozone concentration is defined as the hourly ozone concentration above 0.06 ppm, summed over 12 h (8 a.m.–8 p.m.) during a three-month period. SUM06 was intended to measure the exposure of vegetation and crops during the growing season, proposed as a U.S. secondary ambient standard.

  6. 6.

    A limitation in this approach is the use of observational data assimilation to constrain the forecasting model, which may preclude testing the forecast results with independent observations. The forecasting would have to be done without adjusting the model forecast with ambient data.

  7. 7.

    Prior to the 1980, particulate air quality goals were established on a mass basis using the measure of total suspended particles (TSP), based on gravimetric determination of filter collection over 24 h. This measurement used a sampler collecting particles roughly £35 μm in diameter.

  8. 8.

    Regulated pollutants for Canada, the United States, and Mexico are defined in the List of Terms.

  9. 9.

    Diesel engine emission are currently not listed a HAP under the CAA.

  10. 10.

    Mercury from soils can be natural or anthropogenic in origin. The latter consists of mercury deposited from the atmosphere in the past and stored in the soil for an unknown period of time before release.

  11. 11.

    Hypothetically this may be more than a coincidence with lower sulfur fuels, and application of control technologies may have had an unexpected consequence of reducing mercury emissions.

  12. 12.

    This interpretation has been questioned in that there were changes in water quality management practices taking place at the same time, and modeling indicated that the global mercury contribution was large in the Everglades (see for example the review of Pollman et al. 2007).

  13. 13.

    Global population exposure to mercury from the marine fish supply, including tuna and swordfish or other predatory species, may be large, but exposure is highly uncertain.

References

  • Aleksic, N., Boynton, G., Sistla, G., & Perry, J. (2005). Concentrations and trends of benzene in ambient air over New York State during 1990–2003. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 7894–7905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, A. S., & Pandis, S. N. (1998). Response of inorganic PM to precursor concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 2706–2714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkeson, T., Axelrod, D., Pollman, C., & Keeler, G. (2003). Integrating atmospheric mercury deposition and aquatic cycling in the Florida Everglades. Miami: Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery, R. (2006). Reactivity-based VOC control for solvent prodsucts: More efficient ozone reduction stategies. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4845–4850.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, J. (2007). Will the circle be unbroken: A history of the U.S. national ambient air quality standards. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 57, 698–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M., McDermott, A., Zeger, S., Samet, J., & Dominici, F. (2004). Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 urban communities, 1987–2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2372–2378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, G. A., & Stedman, D. H. (2008). A decade of on-road emissions measurements. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 10.1021/es7024.3b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, C., Lurmann, F., Roth, P., Jeffries, H., & Korc, M. (1999). The use of ambient data to corroborate analyses of ozone control strategies. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 369–381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, C., Hidy, G., Tannenbaum, S., & Edgerton, E. (2006). Particulate matter sources in Brimingham, Alabama. Unpublished Report, Envair, Albany, CA. For Alabama Dept. of Environmental Management and Jefferson County (Alabama) Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, C., Tanenbaum, S. & Hidy. G. M. (2007). Effects of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emission reductions: Regional comparisons. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 57, 1337–1350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D., McHale, M., Driscoll, C., Lovett, G., Weather, K., Brook, R., & Roy, K. (2005). An assessment of recovery and key processes affecting the response of surface waters to reduced levels of acid precipitation in the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. Report 05–03, New York Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. A., Riva-Murray, K., Bode, R., & Posey, S. (2006). Changes in stream chemistry and aquatic biota in response to the decreased acidity of atmospheric deposition in the Neversink River Basin, Catskill Mountains, New York, 1987 to 2003. Report 06–16, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, T. J., Cohen, M. D., Vermeylen, G. E., Likens, G. E., Schmeltz, D., & Artz, R. S. (2008). Regional precipitation mercury trends in the eastern USA, 1998–2005: Declines in the Northeast and Midwest, no trend in the Southeast. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1582–1592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, J., & Lindberg, S. (2005). Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3355–3367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camalier, L., Cox, W., & Dolwick, P. (2007). The effects of meteorology on ozone in urban areas and their use in assessing ozone trends. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7127–7137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS). (2008). The Canadian wildlife service acid rain program. Environment Canada. http://www.on.ec.gc/wildlife/acidrain/ar3-e.html. Accessed 19 Feb 2008.

  • Cano-Ruiz, J. A., Kong, D., Balas, R., & Nazaroff, W. (1993). Removal of reactive gases at indoor surfaces: Combining mass transport and surface kinetics. Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 2039–2050.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2005). Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. CAS No. 7439-97-6, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, pp. 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chameides, W., Lindsay, R., Richardson, J., & Kiang, C. (1988). The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. Science, 241, 1473–1475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, E. (2009). Regional ground-level ozone trends in the context of meteorological influences across Canada and the eastern United States from 1997 to 2006. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D05301. doi:10.1029/2008JD010090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clancy, L., Goodman, P., Sinclair, H., & Dockery, D. (2002). Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: An intervention study. Lancet, 360, 1210–1214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohan, D., Boylan, J., Marmur, A., & Khan, M. (2007). An integrated framework for multipollutant air quality management and its applications in Georgia. Environmental Manager, 40, 545–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominici, F., Peng, R., Zeger, S., White, R., & Samet, J. (2007). Particulate air pollution and mortality in the United States: Did the risks change from 1987 to 2000? American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 880–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C., Driscoll, K., Roy, K., & Mitchell, M. (2003). Chemical response of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York to declines in acid deposition. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 2036–2042.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C., Whitall, D., Aber, J., Boyer, E., Castro, M., Cronan, C., Goodale, C., Groffman, P., Hopkinson, C., Lambert, K., Lawrence, G., & Ollinger, S. (2006). Nitrogen pollution in the northeastern United States: Sources, effects, and management options. Bioscience, 5, 357–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C., Driscoll, K., Roy, K., & Dukett, J. (2007a). Changes in chemistry of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York following declines in acidic deposition. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 1181–1188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C., et al. (2007b). Mercury contamination in forest and freshwater ecosystems in the northeastern United States. Bioscience, 57, 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebelt, S., Wilson, W. E., & Brauer, M. (2005). Exposure to ambient and nonambient components of particulate matter: A comparison of health effects. Epidemiology, 16, 396–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, M., Gustin, M., Lindberg, S., Gwertler, A., & Ariya, P. (2005). The influence of ozone and atmospheric emissions of gaseous elemental mercury and reactive gaseous mercury from substrates. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 7508–7517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada (EC). (2005). 2004 Canadian acid deposition science assessment. Report TD195.54C3C32 2005, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada (EC). (2008a). Environment Canada, air. http://www.ec.gc.ca.asp?/lang=En&n=F3622FE4-1. Accessed 21 Feb 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada (EC). (2008b). Canadian ozone assessment 2008. (Draft) Environment Canada, Downsview, ONT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1971). FR 36, No. 158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1981). Analysis of inhalable and fine particulate matter measurements. EPA-450/4-81-035, Office of Air Quality Planning and Strandards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1997). Mercury study report to congress. EPA-452/R-97-003, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1999). Regional haze regulations: Final rules. 40 CFR Part 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2001). Review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter: Policy assessment of scientific and technical information. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2002a). Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Report EPA EPA/600/p-95/001A-CF (1996); 600/P-99/002ac, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2002b). Clean air status and trends network (CASTNET) 2002 annual report. http://www.epa.gov/castnet/lirary/annual02.html. Accessed Jan 1997.

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2002c). The national-scale air toxics assessment: Technology transfer network, air toxics website. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata. Accessed 18 Feb 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2005). Review of the national ambient air quality standard: Policy assessment of scientific and technical information. Staff paper, Report EPA-452/R-05-005a, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2006). Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants. Vol. 1. Report EPA 600/r-05/004aF, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007a). NOx budget trading program: 2006 program compliance and environmental results. EPA-430-R-07-011. http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progress/docs.2006-NBP-Report. Accessed 28 Apr 2008.

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007b). Acid rain and related programs—2006 progress report. EPA 430-R-07-011, Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division, Washington, DC 20460. http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progress/docs/2006-ARP-Report.pdf. Accessed 28 Apr 2008.

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2008). 2008 report on the environment: Science report. Report EPA/600/R-07/045, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPRI. (1987). Western regional air quality studies, visibility and air quality measuremnts: 1981–1982. EA-4903 EPRI, Palo Alto, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPRI. (1994). Electric utility trace substance synthesis report, Vol. 3, Appendix O, mercury in the environment. TR-104614-V3, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers, D., et al. (2007). Biological mercury hotspots in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Bioscience, 57, 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, P., Ameling, C., Marra, M., & Cassee, F. (2009). Absence of trends in relative risk estimates for the association between black smoke and daily mortality over a 34 year period in The Netherlands. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 481–485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, G. J., Kim, S.-W., McKeen, S. A., Hsie, E.-Y., & Trainer, M. K. (2006). Effects of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D12306. doi:10.1029/2006GL027749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, J. A., Murphy, J. G., & Wang, D. K. (2009). Long term changes in nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in Toronto and the challenges facing local ozone control. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3407–3415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gego, E., Gilliland, A., Godowitch, J., Rao, S., Porter, P.S., & Hogrefe, C. (2008). Modeling analyses of the effects of changes in nitrogen oxide emissions from the electric power sector on ozone levels in the eastern United States. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 58, 580–588.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelinas, Y., Lucotte, M., & Schmit, J.-P. (2000). History of atmospheric deposition of major and trace elements in the industrialized St. Lawrence Valley, Quebec, Canada. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 1797–1810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghio, A. J. (2004). Biological effects of Utah Valley ambient particles in humans: A review. Journal of Aerosol Medicine, 17, 157–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, G., & Sorenson, J. (1999). Six-year trend (l990–l995) of wet mercury deposition in the upper Midwest, U.S.A. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 3303–3312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godowitch, J. M., Gilliland, A., Draxler, R. R., & Rao, S. T. (2008). Modeling assessment of point source NOx emission reductions to ozone air quality in the eastern United States. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 87–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grahame, T., & Hidy, G. M. (2007). Pinnacles and pitfalls for source apportionment of potential health effects from airborne particle exposure. Inhalation Toxicology, 19, 727–744.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grahame, T., & Schlesinger, R. (2007). Health effects of airborne particulate matter: Do we know enough to consider regulating specific particle types or sources? Inhalation Toxicology, 19, 457–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grosjean, D. (2003). Ambient PAN and PPN in southern California from 1960 to the SCOS97-NARSTO. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 221–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, J. (2007). The reactivity research working group: A chronological overview and evaluation. Report NARSTO-07-001, Columbia Geosciences, Pasco, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D. A., Edgerton, E., Hartsell, B., Jansen, J., Hidy, G., Kandaswamy, K., & Blanchard, C. (2003). The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization study (SEARCH). 1. overview. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 53, 1460–1471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley, A. J., Wong, C. M., Thach, T. Q., Ma, S., Lam, T. H., & Anderson, H. R. (2002). Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulfur content of fuel in Hong Kong. Lancet, 360, 1646–1652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley, A. J., McGhee, S. M., Wong, C. M., Barron, B., Chau, P., & Chau, J. (2006). Air pollution: Costs and paths to a solution. Hong Kong: Civi Exchange. http://civi-exchange.org/publications/2006/VisibilityandHealth.pdf. Accessed Aug 2007.

  • HEI Accountability Working Group. (2003). Assessing health impact of air quality regulations: Concepts and methods for accountability research. Cambridge: Communication 11, Health Effects Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • HEI. (2007). Mobile-source air toxics: A critical review of the literature on exposure and health effects (Special Report 16). Cambridge: Health Effects Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidy, G. M. (1994). Atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides: Eastern North American source-receptor relationships. San Diego: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidy, G. M. (2000). Ozone process insights from field experiments-Part 1: Overview. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2001–2022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidy, G. M. (2007). Smelters and mortality (correspondence). Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(9), A440–A441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidy, G. M., Lachenmyer, C., Chow, J., & Watson, J. (2000). Urban measurements of outdoor–indoor PM2.5 concentrations and personal exposure in the Deep South. Part II. Inorganic chemistry. Aerosol Science and Technology, 33, 357–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (HBRF). (2007). Mercury matters. HBRF: Hubbard Brook, NH, Science Links, 1: No. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, P. (Ed.). (1991). Acidic deposition: State of science and technology (Vols. 1–4). Washington: National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerrett, M., Newbold, K., Burnett, R., Thurston, G., Lall, R., Pope, C. A., III, Ma, R., DeLuca, P., Thun, M., Calle, J., & Krewski, D. (2007). Geographics of uncertainty in the health benefits of air quality improvements. Stochastic Environmental Research in Risk Assessment, 21, 511–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jerrett, M., Burnett, R., Pope, C. A., lll, Ito, K., Thurston, G., Krewski, D., Shi, Y., Calle, E., & Thus, M. (2009). Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 10850–1095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R., Sinks, T., Schober, S., & Pickett, M. (2004). Blood mercury levels in young children and childbearing-aged women—United States, 1999–2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 1018–1022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S.-W., Heckel, A., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G. J., & Hsie, E.-Y. (2006). Satellite-observed U.S. power plant NOx emission reductions and their impact on air quality. Journal of Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L22812. doi:10.1029/2006GL027749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemm, R., & Mason, R., Jr. (2000). Aerosol resarch and inhalation epidemiological study (ARIES): Air quality and daily mortaility statistical modeling-Intrim results. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 50, 1433–1439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzli, N., McConnell, R., Bares, S. D., Bastain, T., & Hricko, A. (2003). Breathless in Los Angeles: The exhausting search for clean air. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1494–1499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laden, F., Schwartz, J., Speizer, F., & Dockery, D. (2006). Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 173, 667–672.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E. H., Tingey, D. T., Hogsett, W. E., & Laurence, J. A. (2003). History of tropospheric ozone for the San Bernadino mountains of southern California, 1963–1999. Atmospheic Environment, 37, 2705–2717.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, S., Bullock, O., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D. E., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., & Seigneur, C. (2007). A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing sources of mercury in deposition. Ambio, 36, 19–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipfert, F., Morris, S., Sullivan, T., Moskowitz, P., & Renninger, S. (2005). Methylmercury, fish consumption, and the precautionary principle. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 55, 388–398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, B., Keeler, G., Dvonch, J. T., Barres, J., Luynam, M., Marsik, F., & Morgan, J. T. (2006). Temporal variability of mercury speciation in urban air. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 1911–1923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lueken, D., & Cimorelli, A. (2008). Codependencies of reactive air toxic and criteria pollutants on emission reductions. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 58, 693–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lueken, D., & Mebust, M. (2008). Technical challenges involved in implementation of VOC reactivity-based control of ozone. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 1615–1622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J., Horner, K., & Grimm, J. (2001). Mercury deposition in Pennsylvania: Status report. Unpubl. report, Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauderly, J., & Chow, J. (2008). Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhalation Toxicology, 20, 257–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, M., Hafner, H., & Chinkin, L. (2007). Temporal variability of selected air toxics in the United States. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7180–7194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMurry, P., Shepherd, M., & Vickery, J. (Eds.). (2004). Particulate matter science for policy makers: A NARSTO assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. R., Parmeter, J., Taylor, O., & Cardiff, E. (1963). Ozone injury to the foliage of pinus ponderosa. Journal of the Air pollution Control Association, 53, 1071–1076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. R., Bytnerowicz, A., Fenn, M., Poth, M., & Temple, P. (1998). Multidisciplinary study of ozone, acidic deposition and climate effects on mixed conifer forest in California, USA. Chemosphere, 36, 1001–1006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molburg, J. C. (1993). The utility industry response to Title IV: Generation mix, fuel choice, emissions and costs. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 43, 180–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, M., & Molina, L. (Eds.). (2002). Air quality in the Mexico megacity (384 pp.). Boston: Kluwer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, G., & Nazaroff, W. (2002). The rate of ozone uptake on carpet: Mathematical modeling. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1749–1756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NARSTO. (2000). An assessment of tropospheric ozone pollution. NARSTO, Kennewick, WA; Report 1000040, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • NARSTO. (2005). Improving emission inventories for effective air quality management across North America. NARSTO 05-001, Pasco, WA or ORISE, Oak Ridge, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (1991). Rethinking the ozone problem in urban and regional air pollution. Washington: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neiburger, M., & Edinger, J. (1954). Summary report on the meteorology of the Los Angeles basin with particular respect to the smog problem. Tech. Report No. 1, Air Pollution Foundation, Los Angeles, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oltmans, S. J., et al. (2006). Long term changes in tropospheric ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 3156–3173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ontario Ministry of Environment (OME). (2006). Air quality in Ontario, 2006. Toronto: Ministry of Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozkaynak, H., Xue, J., Spengler, J., Wallace, L., Pellizzari, E., & Jenkins, P. (1996). Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: Results from the particle team study in Riverside, California. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 6, 57–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollman, C. D., Porcella, D. M., & Engstrom, D. R. (2007). Assessment of trends in mercury-related data sets and assessment of cause and effect for trends in mercury concentrations in Florida biota: Phase II. Unpubl. report for Florida Electric Power Coordinating Group and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tetratech, Inc., Gainesville, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C. A., III. (1989). Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill, Utah Valley. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 623–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C. A., III, Rodermund, D. L., & Gee, M. M. (2007). Mortality effects of a copper smelter strike and reduced ambient sulfate particulate matter air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 679–683.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C. A., III, Ezzati, M., & Dockery, D. (2009). Fine particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 376–386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, P. S., Rao., S. T., Zurbenko, I. G., Dunker, A. M., & Wolff, G. T. (2001). Ozone air quality analysis: Part II—an analysis of trend detection and attribution techniques. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 51, 283–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, R., Anderson, E., Cross, C., Hidy, G., Hoel, D., McClellan, R., & Moogavkar, S. (2007). Evidence of health impacts of sulfate and nitrate containing particles in ambient air. Inhalation Toxicology, 19, 419–449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S. D., Blanchard, C., & Ziman, S. (2003) Understanding the effectiveness of precursor reductions in lowering 8-hr ozone concentrations. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 53, 195–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, P. M., Reynolds, S. D., & Tesche, T. (2005). Air quality modeling and decisions for ozone reduction strategies. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 55, 1558–1573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A., & Dennis, R. (2000). NARSTO critical review of photochemical models and modeling. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2283–2324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, R., Harley, R., Cadle, S., Norbeck, J., Slott, R., & Bravo, H. (2000). Mobile sources critical review: 1998 NARSTO assessment. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2161–2181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schifter, I., Diaz, L., Rodriguea, R., Duran, J., & Chavez, O. (2008). Trends in exhaust emissions from in-use Mexico City vehicles, 2000–2006. A remote sensing study. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 137, 459–470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, R., Kuenzli, N., Hidy, G., Jerrett, M., & Gotschi, T. (2006). The health consequences of PM exposure: Integration and coherence of toxicological and epidemiological inferences. Inhalation Toxicology, 18, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, N., Evers, D., Duron, M., Robbins, K., Yates, D., Simonin, H., Glennon, M., & Ozard, J. (2007). Long-term monitoring and assessment of mercury using the common loon, prey fish, water and sediment. Interim report, New York Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, P., Krabbenhoft, D., Naftz, D., Cecil, L. D., Olson, M., DeWild, J., Susong, D., Green, J., & Abbott, M. (2002). Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: A glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 2303–2310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seigneur, C., Vijayarghavan, K., Lohman, K., Karamchandani, O., & Scott, C. (2004). Global source attribution for mercury deposition in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 555–569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seigneur, C., Vijayaraghavan, K., & Lohman, K. (2006). Atmospheric mercury chemistry: Sensitivity of global model simulations to chemical reactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D22306. doi:10.1029/2005JD006780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. H., Stieb, D. M., Jessiman, B., Goldberg, M., Brion, O., Brook, J., Ramsay, T., & Burnett, R. T. (2008). A temporal, multi-city model to estimate the effects of short term exposure to ambient air pollution on health. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.11194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, P., Hopke, P., Froines, J., & Scheffe, R. (2008). Key scientific findings and policy- and health-relevant insights from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s particulate matter Supersites Program and related studies: An integration and synthesis of results. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 58, S3–S92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). (2000). Multiple air toxics exposure study (MATES II). Final report, SCAQMD, Diamond Bar, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). (2007). Final 2007 air quality management plan. SCAQMD, Diamond Bar, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). (2008). Multiple air toxics exposure study (MATES III). Final report (draft), SCAQMD, Diamond Bar, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, P., Basu, H., Blanchard, P., Backus, S., Brice, K., Hulting, M., & Hites, R. (2003). Temporal and spatial trends of atmospheric toxic substances near the Great Lakes: IADN results through 2003. Chicago: Great Lakes Program Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temme, C., Blanchard, P., Steffen, A., Banic, S., Beauchamp, S., Poissant, L., & Wiens, B. (2007). Trends, seasonal and multivariate analysis study of total gaseous mercury data from the Canadian atmospheric mercury measurement network (CAMNet). Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5423–5441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston, G., Ito, K., Mar, T., Christenson, W., & Eatough, D. (2005). Workshop report: Workshop on source apportionment of particulate matter health effects—intercomparison of results and implications. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1768–1774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolbert, P. (2007). Heterogeneity of particulate matter health risks. American Journal of Epidemiology ,166, 889–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, E., Mugica, V., Diaz, L., y Ramos, G. (2000). Comparicion de erfiles de emisioes vehiculares en tunel y en dinamometro. Revues International Contamines Ambiento, 16, 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vingarzan, R., & Taylor, B. (2003). A review of surface ozone background levels and trends. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3431–3442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.-W., Majeed, M. A., Chu, P.-L., & Lin, H.-C. (2009). Characterizing relationships between personal exposures to VOCs and socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral variables. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2296–2302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesson, K., et al. (2010). A multi-pollutant, risk-based approach to air quality management: Case study for Detroit. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 1, 296–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, J. J., Ansari A. S., & Pandis, S. N. (1999). Marginal PM2.5: Nonlinear aerosol mass response to sulfate reductions in the eastern United States. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 49, 1415–1424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, G. T., & Lioy, P. (1980). Development of an ozone river associated with synoptic scale episodes in the eastern United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 14, 1257–1260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, G. T., Dunker, A. M., Rao, S. T., Porter, P. S., & Zurbenko, I. G. (2001). Ozone air quality over North America: Part 1—a review of reported trends. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 51, 273–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanetti, P. (Ed.). (2003). Air quality modeling. Theories, methodologies, compuational techniques and available databases ad software (Vol. 1—Fundamentals). Pittsburgh: Air and Waste Management Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavala, M., Lei, W., Molina, M., & Molina, L. (2009). Modeled and observed ozone sensitivity to mobile source emissions in Mexico City. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 39–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, J., Swall, J., Cox, W. M., & Davis, J. M. (2007). Interannual variation in meteorologically adjusted ozone levels in the eastern United States: A comparison of two approaches. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 705–716.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the following contributing authors: Doug Burns, Elton Chan, Tom Clair, Tom Dann, John J. Jansen, Leonard Levin, David McLaughlin, Luisa T. Molina, Armando Retama, Richard D. Scheffe, Robert Vet, Miguel Zavala

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Envair/Aerochem, 6 Evergreen Drive, 87043, Placitas, NM, USA

    George M. Hidy

  2. Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., M3H5T4, Downsview, Ontario, Canada

    Jeffrey R. Brook

  3. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany CESTM, 251 Fuller Road, 12203, Albany, NY, USA

    Kenneth L. Demerjian

Authors
  1. George M. Hidy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeffrey R. Brook
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kenneth L. Demerjian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to George M. Hidy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Envair/Aerochem, Evergreen Drive 6, Placitas, 87043, New Mexico, USA

    George M. Hidy

  2. Environment Canada, Dufferin Street 4905, Downsview, M3H5T4, Ontario, Canada

    Jeffrey R. Brook

  3. , Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany CESTM, Fuller Road 251, Albany, 12203, New York, USA

    Kenneth L. Demerjian

  4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, Holiday Court 3252, La Jolla, 92037, California, USA

    Luisa T. Molina

  5. Columbia Research and Education Associat, Pasco, 99301, Washington, USA

    William T. Pennell

  6. US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA Mailroom, Research Triangle Park, 27711, North Carolina, USA

    Richard D. Scheffe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hidy, G.M., Brook, J.R., Demerjian, K.L. (2011). Past Examples of Multipopllutant Air Quality Management and Accountability. In: Hidy, G., Brook, J., Demerjian, K., Molina, L., Pennell, W., Scheffe, R. (eds) Technical Challenges of Multipollutant Air Quality Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0304-9_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation