Abstract
Each chapter of this book has examined “extraordinary learning in the workplace” from a major area of educational theory and research, namely curriculum, instructional design, learning, assessment, and faculty development. The purpose of this chapter is to present a framework for workplace learning, to synthesize the findings of the preceding chapters as they relate to this framework, and to discuss opportunities to advance research on workplace learning and improve student learning in professional workplaces. The framework contains three themes – selection of tasks and activities, relationships within the practice community, and the nature of work practices – and draws on behavioral, cognitive, constructivist, and social learning theories as they apply to learning through real work practices. Curriculum, instruction, assessment, and faculty development are also discussed within this framework when they pertain to one of the themes, thus providing an opportunity to incorporate much of what the authors presented in previous chapters of this book.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aagaard, E., Teherani, A., & Irby, D. (2004). Effectiveness of the one-minute preceptor model for diagnosing the patient and the learner: Proof of concept. Academic Medicine, 79, 42–49.
Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing practice. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Benner, P., Tanner, C., & Chesla, C. (1996). Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring. Clinical judgment, and ethics. New York: NY: Springer.
Billett, S. (2001). Learning in the workplace: Strategies for effective practice. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin.
Billett, S., Barker, M., & Hernon-Tinning, B. (2004). Participatory practices at work. Pedagogy Culture and Society, 12 (2), 233–258.
Boshuizen, H., Bromme, R., & Gruber, H. (2004). Professional learning: Gaps and transitions on the way from novice to expert (Vol. 2). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Branch, W., Jr., & Paranjape, A. (2002). Feedback and Reflection: Teaching Methods for Clinical Settings. Academic Medicine, 77, 1185–1188.
Britton, L. R., & Anderson, K. A. (2010). Peer coaching and pre-service teachers: Examining an underutilised concept. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 306–314.
Budgen, C., & Gamroth, L. (2008). An overview of practice education models. Nurse Education Today, 28(3), 273–283.
Callaghan, D., Watts, W. E., McCullough, D. L., Moreau, J. T., Little, M. A., Gamroth, L. M., et al. (2009). The experience of two practice education models: Collaborative learning unit and preceptorship. Nurse Education in Practice, 9(4), 244–252.
Chittenden, E. H., Henry, D., Saxena, V., Loeser, H., & O’Sullivan, P. S. (2009). Transitional clerkship: An experiential course based on workplace learning theory. Academic Medicine, 84(7), 872–876.
Cho, C. S., Ramanan, R. A., Arean, P. A., & Feldman, M. D. (2009). The art of mentorship: A qualitative analysis of the characteristics of outstanding mentors. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24, 180–180.
Chumley, H., Olney, C., Usatine, R., & Dobbie, A. (2005). A short transitional course can help medical students prepare for clinical learning. Family Medicine, 37(7), 496–501.
Cohen, J., McCabe, E. M., Michelli, N. M., & Pickeral, T. (2009). School climate: research, policy, practice, and teacher education. Teachers College Record, 111(1), 180–213.
Cooke, M., Irby, D. M., & O’Brien, B. (2010). Educating physicians: A call for reform. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
DeWitt, D., Carline, J., Paauw, D., & Pangaro, L. (2008). Pilot study of a ‘RIME’-based tool for giving feedback in a multi-specialty longitudinal clerkship. Medical Education, 42(12), 1205–1209.
Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Wolfhagen, H. A. P., Essed, G. G. M., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2002). Students’ perceptions of relationships between some educational variables in the out-patient setting. Medical Education, 36(8), 735–741.
Dornan, T., Arno, M., Hadfield, J., Scherpbier, A., & Boshuizen, H. (2006). Student evaluation of the clinical ‘curriculum in action’. Medical Education, 40(7), 667–674.
Dornan, T., Boshuizen, H., King, N., & Scherpbier, A. (2007). Experience-based learning: A model linking the processes and outcomes of medical students’ workplace learning. Medical Education, 41(1), 84–91.
Ferguson, K. E., & Jinks, A. M. (1994). Integrating what is taught with what is practised in the nursing curriculum: A multi-dimensional model. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20(4), 687–695.
Ferrier-Kerr, J. L. (2009). Establishing professional relationships in practicum settings. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(6), 790–797.
Feudtner, C., Christakis, D., & Christakis, N. (1994). Do clinical clerks suffer ethical erosion? Students’ perceptions of their ethical environment and personal development. Academic Medicine, 69, 670–679.
Forneris, S. G., & Peden-McAlpine, C. (2009). Creating context for critical thinking in practice: The role of the preceptor. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(8), 1715–1724.
Frellsen, S. L., Baker, E. A., Papp, K. K., & Durning, S. J. (2008). Medical School Policies Regarding Struggling Medical Students During the Internal Medicine Clerkships: Results of a National Survey. Academic Medicine, 83(9), 876–881.
Furney, S., Orsini, A., Orsetti, K., Stern, D., Gruppen, L., & Irby, D. (2001). Teaching the one-minute preceptor: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 620–624.
Ginsburg, S., Regehr, G., & Lingard, L. (2003a). The disavowed curriculum. Understanding students’ reasoning in professionally challenging situations. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(12), 1015–1022.
Ginsburg, S., Regehr, G., & Lingard, L. (2003b). To be and not to be: The paradox of the emerging professional stance. Medical Education, 37(4), 350–357.
Grossman, P. (2005). Research on pedagogical approaches in teacher education. In M. Cochran-Smith, K. M. Zeichner (Ed.), Studying teacher education: The report of the AERA panel on research and teacher education (pp. 425–476). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum & Associates, Inc.
Guarino, C. M., Ko, C. Y., Baker, L. C., Klein, D. J., Quiter, E. S., & Escarce, J. J. (2006). Impact of Instructional Practices on Student Satisfaction with Attendings’ Teaching in the Inpatient Component of Internal Medicine Clerkships. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(1), 7–12.
Haidet, P., Hatem, D. S., Fecile, M. L., Stein, H. F., Haley, H. L., Kimmel, B., et al. (2008). The role of relationships in the professional formation of physicians: Case report and illustration of an elicitation technique. Patient Education and Counseling, 72(3), 382–387.
Haidet, P., Kelly, A. P., Bentley, S., Blatt, B., Chou, C. L., Fortin, A. H., et al. (2006). Not the same everywhere. Patient-centered learning environments at nine medical schools. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(5), 405–409.
Henderson, A., Twentyman, M., Eaton, E., Creedy, D., Stapleton, P., & Lloyd, B. (2009). Creating supportive clinical learning environments: An intervention study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(1–2), 177–182.
Hirsh, D., Ogur, B., Thibault, G., & Cox, M. (2007). “Continuity” as an organizing principle for clinical education reform. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(8), 858–866.
Holmboe, E. (2004). Faculty and the observation of trainees’ clinical skills: Problems and opportunities. Academic Medicine, 79(1), 16–22.
Huber, M., & Hutchings, P. (2005). The advancement of learning: Building the teaching commons. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Irby, D., Aagaard, E., & Teherani, A. (2004). Teaching scripts identified by preceptors observing the one-minute preceptor and traditional preceptor encounters. Academic Medicine, 79, 50–55.
Irby, D., & Bowen, J. (2004). Time-efficient strategies for learning and performance. Clinical Teacher, 1 (1), 23–28.
Kennedy, T., Regehr, G., Baker, G., & Lingard, L. (2005). Progressive independence in clinical training: A tradition worth defending? Academic Medicine, 80 (Suppl. 105), S1–S6.
Kuo, A. K., Irby, D. I., & Loeser, H. (2005). Does direct observation improve medical students’ clerkship experiences? Medical Education, 39(5), 518–518.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Littlewood, S., Ypinazar, V., Margolis, S. A., Scherpbier, A., Spencer, J., & Dornan, T. (2005). Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education: Systematic review. BMJ, 331(7513), 387–391.
Lown, N., Davies, I., Cordingley, L., Bundy, C., & Braidman, I. (2008). Development of a method to investigate medical students’ perceptions of their personal and professional development. Advances in Health Sciences Education, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10459-008-9130-6
Nash, R., Lemcke, P., & Sacre, S. (2009). Enhancing transition: An enhanced model of clinical placement for final year nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 29(1), 48–56.
Neher, J., Gordon, K., Meyer, B., & Stevens, N. (1992). A five-step ‘microskills’ model of clinical teaching. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 5, 419–424.
O’Brien, B., Cooke, M., & Irby, D. M. (2007). Perceptions and attributions of third-year student struggles in clerkships: Do students and clerkship directors agree? Academic Medicine, 82(10), 970–978.
Pangaro, L. N. (2000). Investing in descriptive evaluation: A vision for the future of assessment. Medical Teacher, 22(5), 478–481.
Regan-Smith, M., Young, W. W., & Keller, A. M. (2002). An efficient and effective teaching model for ambulatory education. Academic Medicine, 77(7), 593–599.
Stewart, C. I. L., Preece, P. E., & Dent, J. A. (2005). Can a dedicated teaching and learning environment in ambulatory care improve the acquisition of learning outcomes? Medical Teacher, 27(4), 358–363.
Teherani, A., O’Brien, B., Masters, D., Poncelet, A., Robertson, P., & Hauer, K. (2009). Burden, responsibility, and reward: Preceptor experiences with the continuity of teaching in a longitudinal integrated clerkship. Acad Med, 84(10), S50–S53.
Teherani, A., O’Sullivan, P., Aagaard, E., Morrison, E., & Irby, D. (2007). Student perceptions of the one minute preceptor and traditional preceptor models. Medical Education, 29 (4), 323–327.
van Eps, M. A., Cooke, M., Creedy, D. K., & Walker, R. (2006). Student evaluations of a year-long mentorship program: A quality improvement initiative. Nurse Education Today, 26(6), 519–524.
Wear, D., & Zarconi, J. (2008). Can compassion be taught? Let’s ask our students. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23(7), 948–953.
Webb, C., & Shakespeare, P. (2008). Judgments about mentoring relationships in nurse education. Nurse Education Today, 28(5), 563–571.
Wolpaw, T., Wolpaw, D., & Papp, K. (2003). SNAPPS: A learner-centered model for outpatient education. Academic Medicine, 78, 893–898.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Dr. David Irby and Dr. Patricia O’Sullivan for their careful review and valuable suggestions for improving this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Brien, B. (2011). Envisioning the Future. In: Hafler, J. (eds) Extraordinary Learning in the Workplace. Innovation and Change in Professional Education, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0271-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0271-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0270-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0271-4
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)