Abstract
Building on the syntax-based extraction method presented in BLcolor Chapter ref cha:Our Method , we extend our practical investigations on collocations in directions less explored in previous work. We begin by enlarging the scope of the extraction method to cover a broader spectrum of collocational phenomena. More precisely, we go beyond binary collocations and propose a tractable method for acquiring complex collocations (i.e., those collocations containing embedded collocations). We then investigate how we can automatically find all syntactic configurations (patterns) applying to collocations in a given language. Often arbitrarily chosen, these patterns play a crucial role in the quality of extraction results. In order to overcome these shortcomings, our original extraction method has been adapted to allow for data-driven induction of relevant syntactic configurations. Finally, in order to support the compilation of bilingual collocational resources for machine translation—an NLP application for which collocations are of great importance-we present a method for acquiring translation equivalents for collocations by matching collocations extracted from the source and target language versions of parallel texts.
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Notes
- 1.
Villada Moirón (2005) extends MI and \(\chi^2\) in order to deal with candidates of length 3.
- 2.
For the sake of simplicity, we will use the terms of bigram, trigram, and in general that of n-gram in order to indicate the arity of collocations, even if the component items are not adjacent.
- 3.
An in-depth discussion on collocation chains can be found in Ramos and Chains(2007)
- 4.
If more alternatives are possible, multiple types are generated accordingly.
- 5.
This filter is not implemented in the current version of our system.
- 6.
As illustrated by the trigram ((allgemeine, Gültigkeit), haben), composed of (allgemeine, Gültigkeit) and (Gültigkeit, haben), lit., “general validity have” (Heid, 1994, 232).
- 7.
Note that some items constitute complex units in turn, e.g., premier plan in the fifth 4-gram shown. Also, as suggested by the last 4-grams in the list, our strategy that consists of systematically displaying lemmas rather than word forms led to an unusual presentation of some expressions (such as trouver bon solution possible instead of trouver meilleur solution possible).
- 8.
This table displays for Benson et al. (1986a) only the lexical collocations listed in the preface of the BBI dictionary. Also, the system of Smadja (1993) deals with the following additional types: V-V, N-P, N-D. Similarly, Basili et al. (1994) state that about 20 patterns were used, while our table displays only those that were explicitly mentioned in their publication.
- 9.
Some of the most representative patterns that are currently supported by our extraction system are shown in Table 4.1. As mentioned in Section 4.3.1, the complete list of patterns is actually longer, and is evolving as more and more data is inspected.
- 10.
URL: http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/, accessed June, 2010.
- 11.
Since the experiments are not comparative and were conducted independently, the two corpora are of different sizes.
- 12.
More precisely, multi-word units are then identified in Dias (2003) by: (a) applying this measure on both sequences of words and on the corresponding sequences of POS tags; (b) combining the scores obtained, and (c) retaining only the local maxima candidates as valid, according to the method briefly explained in Section 5.1.3.
- 13.
In seretan and Wehrli (2006) we discuss in detail the problems a (syntax-based or syntax-free) collocation extraction system faces when ported from English to a new language with a richer morphology and more flexible word order.
- 14.
Term introduced by Pearce (2001a).
- 15.
The F-measure is the harmonic mean of precision and recall: \(F = 2PR/(P+R)\). If we consider that the task to solve is to find exactly one translation for each source collocation, then the recall represents, in our case, the number of correct translations returned divided by the number of correct translations expected.
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Seretan, V. (2011). Extensions. In: Syntax-Based Collocation Extraction. Text, Speech and Language Technology, vol 44. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0134-2_5
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