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The International Intellectual Property Regime

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International Intellectual Property Law and Human Security

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Abstract

This chapter examines briefly the core international intellectual property laws that are the subject of this book and pays particular attention to how they measure up from the perspectives of human security.

This chapter provides a brief overview of the international intellectual property regime. This regime encompasses, copyright and related rights, patents, utility models, trade secrets (confidential information), trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, and sui generis systems, such as integrated computer circuits, plant varieties, databases and traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions. Their essential characteristics are outlined below.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Significant use is made here of various publications of the WIPO and the WIPO Website http://www.wipo.int. See Abott et al. 2007; Bentley and Sherman 2009; Correa 2010; Dutfield and Suthersanen 2010; Pugatch 2006 and WIPO 2004.

  2. 2.

    Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, Signed at Stockholm on 14 July 1967 and as amended on September 28, 1979.

  3. 3.

    See the WIPO (http://www.wipo.int) and IPOS (http://www.ipo.sg) websites for further information.

  4. 4.

    WIPO 2004, 40.

  5. 5.

    Hereafter Berne Convention. It was concluded in 1886, revised in Berlin in 1908, completed at Berne in 1914, revised at Rome in 1928, at Brussels in 1948, at Stockholm in 1967, at Paris in 1971 and amended in 1979. For a history of the evolution of The Berne Convention see WIPO (1986).

  6. 6.

    Contracting states numbered a total of 89 as of May 2012. For information on the latest contracting members see the following http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=16. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  7. 7.

    Contracting states numbered a total of 89 as of May 2012. For information on the latest contracting members see the following http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=20. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  8. 8.

    TRIPS Agreement, Article 9.

  9. 9.

    Article 5, Berne Convention. See TRIPS Agreement, Article 3.

  10. 10.

    Article 7 (2), Berne Convention.

  11. 11.

    WIPO 2002.

  12. 12.

    Ibid.

  13. 13.

    See TRIPS Agreement, Article 11.

  14. 14.

    WCT, Article 11.

  15. 15.

    See also TRIPS Agreement Article 14.

  16. 16.

    Rome Convention Article 3 (b) states that "phonogram" means "any exclusive aural fixation of sounds of a performance or other sounds".

  17. 17.

    Rome Convention Article 3 (c) defined "producer of phonograms" as meaning "the person who, or the legal entity which, first fixes the sounds of a performance or other sounds".

  18. 18.

    Rome Convention Article 2 (d) defined it as "the offering of copies of a phonogram to the public in a reasonable quantity".

  19. 19.

    Rome Convention Article 3 (f) of the Rome Convention defined it as "the transmission by wireless means for public reception of sounds or of images and sounds".

  20. 20.

    PCIPD/3/9, 3.

  21. 21.

    Lord Puttnam, 3.

  22. 22.

    Id., 3.

  23. 23.

    PCIPD/3/9, 4. See also WIPO’s Primer on Electronic Commerce, http://www.wipo.int.

  24. 24.

    CIPR 2002.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., 96.

  26. 26.

    WIPO Handbook 2004, 17.

  27. 27.

    See Articles 27–34, TRIPS Agreement.

  28. 28.

    Article 27, TRIPS Agreement.

  29. 29.

    Article 28(1)(a), TRIPS Agreement.

  30. 30.

    Article 28(1)(b), TRIPS Agreement.

  31. 31.

    Article 27 (2), TRIPS Agreement.

  32. 32.

    Wong (2011), 9. See Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980). Case available on FindLaw at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=447&invol=303. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  33. 33.

    WIPO 2004, 17.

  34. 34.

    In 1985, a total of 279,055 utility model applications were filed worldwide. After a drop in the late 1990s, the figure rose to 495, 810 in 2010. WIPO 2011c.

  35. 35.

    In some jurisdictions, such as the UK, the term confidential information is used. See generally Aplin et al. 2012, Ben-Attar 2004, Gurry 1984 and Shan 2008.

  36. 36.

    USTA, Section 1(4).

  37. 37.

    Howard Eisenberg, “Patents vs. Trade Secrets,” Patent Law You Can Use. http://www.chernofflaw.com.

  38. 38.

    Dessemontet 1998–1999, 5.

  39. 39.

    Id., 6.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Id., 3.

  42. 42.

    WIPO 1996, 52.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    WIPO 2004, 67. See generally Dinwoodie 2008 and Jehoram et al. 2010.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Articles 6–10, Paris Convention.

  48. 48.

    See Fryer 2005, Gray and Bouzalas 2001.

  49. 49.

    Article 5 quinquies, Paris Convention.

  50. 50.

    See WIPO’s website for detailed information: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/hague/. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  51. 51.

    See generally Gangjee 2012.

  52. 52.

    WIPO 2004, 121.

  53. 53.

    Id., 121.

  54. 54.

    WIPO 2004, 124–129. See WIPO’s website related to trademark registration for further information: http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  55. 55.

    TRIPS Agreement, Article 35.

  56. 56.

    WIPO 2004, 119–120.

  57. 57.

    Article 6, 1978 Act of the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. See generally.

  58. 58.

    WIPO 2004, 331.

  59. 59.

    Ibid.

  60. 60.

    The Convention was revised in 1972, 1978, and 1991. It established the UPOV, derived from French words for the Union. See the UPOV website at http://www.upov.int/overview/en/variety.html. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  61. 61.

    Article 5, 1978 Act.

  62. 62.

    WIPO 2004, 333.

  63. 63.

    Council Directive 96/9/EC, Article 1(2). The Directive is available on the Eurolex website at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31996L0009:EN:HTML. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  64. 64.

    Article 7(1), Id.

  65. 65.

    Article 7(5), Id.

  66. 66.

    Gorjestani 2000.

  67. 67.

    The text of the recommendations is available on ILO website at http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?R104 . Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  68. 68.

    The text of the Convention is available on the ILO website at http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169 . Accessed on 29 May 2012.

  69. 69.

    UN General Assembly Resolution 61/295, 2007. The Declaration was adopted by a majority of 144 states in favor, 4 votes against (Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the United States ) and 11 abstentions (Azerbaijan , Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia , Georgia, Kenya , Nigeria, Russian Federation, Samoa, and Ukraine).

  70. 70.

    For a comparative study of sui generis laws on traditional knowledge see WIPO document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/INF/4. Available at http://www.wipo.int/tk/en//laws/pdf/grtkf_ic_5_inf_4_annex.pdf. Accessed on 29 May 2012.

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  1. College of Law, Alliance University, Chandapura - Anekal Main Road Anekal, Bangalore, 562106, Karnataka, India

    Robin Ramcharan

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Ramcharan, R. (2013). The International Intellectual Property Regime. In: International Intellectual Property Law and Human Security. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-900-9_3

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