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A Few Remarks to Evaluate the Dublin System and the Asylum Acquis

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The Future of Asylum in the European Union

Abstract

This contribution concentrates on the analysis of the Dublin II Regulation. It raises the controversies in relation to the effectiveness and application of the Dublin system. In addition the recast of the Dublin Regulation is analysed with reference to the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and especially the Qualification Directive. It is recognised that, while the Court of Justice will have an important role in consolidating the interpretation of the CEAS, more legislative action is needed in order to make the asylum acquis more effective, transparent and fair.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Denmark did not originally take part in the adoption of the Dublin II Regulation, but it became applicable to Denmark on 1 April 2006 after the entry into force of an Agreement with the European Community, OJ L 66, 8.3.2006, p. 38. See more thoroughly on this Fabrice 2009, pp. 152–153.

  2. 2.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national, OJ, L 50, 25.2.2003, p. 1.

  3. 3.

    Commission Regulation (EC) No 1560/2003 of 2 September 2003 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national, OJ, L 222, 5.9.2003, p. 3.

  4. 4.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of ‘Eurodac’ for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention, OJ, L 316, 15.12.2000, p. 1.

  5. 5.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 407/2002 of 28 February 2002 laying down certain rules to implement Regulation (EC) No 2725/2000 concerning the establishment of ‘Eurodac’ for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention, OJ, L 62, 5.3.2002, p. 1.

  6. 6.

    Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national or a stateless person, COM (2008) 820 final, 3 December 2008, (Dublin III Regulation).

  7. 7.

    Proposal for a recast of the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the establishment of “Eurodac” for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin II Regulation, COM (2008) 825 final, 3 December 2008.

  8. 8.

    Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers, COM (2008) 815 final, 3 December 2008.

  9. 9.

    Parliament (EC), Evaluation of the Dublin system (Own Initiative Report), INI (2008) 2262, 2 July 2008, para 2.

  10. 10.

    Peers 2006, pp. 318–324 and Peers 2011, pp. 357–368.

  11. 11.

    See also Craig and de Burca 2008, pp. 257–259. Craig and de Burca have referred to Peers’ presentation on this as well.

  12. 12.

    Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 as amended by the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees of 31 January 1967 (Geneva Refugee Convention).

  13. 13.

    Commission staff working document accompanying document to the Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of Dublin system—Annex to the communication on the evaluation of the Dublin system, SEC(2007) 742 final, p. 6.

  14. 14.

    Peers 2006, supra n. 10, Sect. 7.2, p. 321; Craig and De Burca, supra n. 11, Sect. 7.2, p. 257.

  15. 15.

    Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the Dublin system, COM (2007) 299 final, 6 June 2007.

  16. 16.

    Peers 2006, supra n. 10, Sect. 7.2, p. 324.

  17. 17.

    Craig and de Burca, supra n. 11, Sect. 7.2, p. 257.

  18. 18.

    Peers 2006, supra n. 10, Sect. 7.2, p. 322.

  19. 19.

    COM (2007) 299 final, 6 June 2007, pp. 3–5.

  20. 20.

    Peers 2006, supra n. 10, p. 319.

  21. 21.

    See e.g. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Community statistics on migration and international protection, COM (2005) 375 final, 14 September 2005.

  22. 22.

    Compare Peers 2006, supra n. 10, Sect. 7.2, p. 321. and Craig and de Burca, supra n. 11, p. 257.

  23. 23.

    See the Reflection Note on the Evaluation of the Dublin System and on the Dublin III Proposal, European Parliament, Directorate General Internal Policies of the Union, March 2009, PE 410.690, p. 2.

  24. 24.

    Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Justice, Freedom and Security in Europe since 2005: An Evaluation of the Hague Programme and Action Plan, COM (2009) 263 final, 10 June 2009, pp. 2–3.

  25. 25.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions on the ‘Policy Plan on Asylum, an Integrated Approach to Protection Across the EU’, COM (2008) 360 final, 17 June 2008.

  26. 26.

    COM (2008) 820 final, 3 December 2008.

  27. 27.

    COM (2008) 825 final, 3 December 2008.

  28. 28.

    COM (2008) 815 final, 3 December 2008.

  29. 29.

    See the Dublin III Proposal, COM (2008) 820 final, 3 December 2008, p. 7.

  30. 30.

    The Hague Programme: strengthening freedom, security and justice in the European Union, OJ, C 53, 3.3.2005, p. 1 and the Council and Commission action plan implementing the Hague Programme on strengthening freedom, security and justice in the European Union, OJ, C 198, 12.8.2005, p. 1.

  31. 31.

    COM (2009) 263 final, 10.6.2009, p. 2.

  32. 32.

    Council Document 13440/08 and see also the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions on a Common Immigration Policy for Europe: Principles, actions and tools, COM (2008) 359 final, 17 June 2008.

  33. 33.

    Council Document 14368/08, Concl 4, Brussels 16 October 2008.

  34. 34.

    COM (2008) 359 final, 17 June 2008, p. 4.

  35. 35.

    The Stockholm Programme—An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, OJ, C 115, 4.5.2010, pp. 1–38.

  36. 36.

    Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a European Asylum Support Office, COM (2009) 66 final, 18 February 2009.

  37. 37.

    Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification, OJ, L 251, 3.10.2003, p. 12.

  38. 38.

    Council Directive 2003/9/EC of 27 January 2003 laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers, OJ, L 31, 6.2.2003, p. 18.

  39. 39.

    Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third country nationals, OJ, L 348, 24.12.2008, p. 98.

  40. 40.

    Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals, OJ L168, 30.6.2009, pp. 24–32.

  41. 41.

    Council Directive 2004/83/EC on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals and stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted, OJ, L 304, 30.9.2004, p. 12.

  42. 42.

    Council Directive 2004/85/EC on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status, OJ L 326, 13.12.2005, p. 13.

  43. 43.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, ‘Preparing the next steps in border management in the European Union’, COM (2008) 69 final, 13 February 2008.

  44. 44.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, ‘Examining the creation of a European border surveillance system (EUROSUR)’, COM (2008) 68 final, 13 February 2008.

  45. 45.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, ‘Report on the evaluation and future development of the FRONTEX Agency’, COM (2008) 67 final, 13 February 2008.

  46. 46.

    Communication from the Commission, ‘Policy Plan on Legal Migration’, COM (2005) 669 final, 21 December 2005.

  47. 47.

    Proposal for a Council Directive on a single application procedure for a single permit for third country nationals to reside and work in the territory of a Member State and on a common set of rights for third country workers legally residing in a Member State, COM (2007) 638 final, 23 October 2007.

  48. 48.

    Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, COM (2007) 637 final, 23 October 2007, especially Chapter III and Council Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, OJ, L 155, 18.6.2009, pp. 17–29.

  49. 49.

    See more thoroughly Commission Staff Working Document. Third annual report on the development of a common policy on illegal immigration, smuggling and trafficking of human beings, external borders, and the return of illegal residents, SEC(2009) 320 final, 9 March 2009.

  50. 50.

    OJ L 168, 30.6.2009, pp. 24–32.

  51. 51.

    COM (2007) 299 final, 6 June 2007, p. 6.

  52. 52.

    OJ, L 304, 30.9.2004, p. 12.

  53. 53.

    ECJ, Case C-465/07 Meki Elgafaji, Noor Elgafaji v Staatssecretaris van Justitie [2009] ECR I-00921.

  54. 54.

    Another example of recent case law determining refugee status under Directive 2004/83/EC is C-31/09 Nawras Bobol, judgment of June 17, 2010 available from http://curia.europa.eu. Here the ECJ considered the refusal of the Hungarian authorities to grant refugee status to a stateless Palestinian.

  55. 55.

    See Governmental Proposal 166/2007 vp and the Law to amend immigration law 323/2009.

  56. 56.

    ECJ, Case C-19/08 Migrationsverket v Edgar Petrosian and others [2009] ECR I-00495.

  57. 57.

    See e.g. the Dublin III Proposal, COM (2008) 820 final, 3 December 2008, p. 7.

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  1. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Juha Raitio

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  1. , Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Netherlands

    Flora A.N.J. Goudappel

  2. , School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Netherlands

    Helena S. Raulus

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Raitio, J. (2011). A Few Remarks to Evaluate the Dublin System and the Asylum Acquis. In: Goudappel, F., Raulus, H. (eds) The Future of Asylum in the European Union. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-802-6_7

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