Abstract
Carmen Media and Engelmann are the latest in a series of many cases handled by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on matters dealing with gambling, sport betting practises, and member states’ traditionally-established monopolies. EU Law application on these cases has been problematic and fairly inconsistent among national courts and the ECJ itself. In an era where online gaming, in particular, is rapidly growing into a larger share of the gambling industry, and considering the ease of access and multitude of products, services, and transactions involved, the ECJ, European Commission, and national governments are toiling over the most prudent, balanced, and practical approach and policy directions for the future of the industry in Europe.
It is the mark of an inexperienced man not to believe in luck.—Joseph Conrad
Fortune knocks at every man’s door once in a lifetime, but in a good many cases the man is in a neighbouring saloon and does not hear her.—Mark Twain
A number of moralists condemn lotteries and refuse to see anything noble in the passion of the ordinary gambler. They judge gambling as some atheists judge religion, by its excesses.—Charles Lamb, Essays of Elia (1832)
A dollar won is twice as sweet as a dollar earned.—Paul Newman, The Color of Money
It can be argued that man’s instinct to gamble is the only reason he is still not a monkey up in the trees.—Mario Puzo, Inside Las Vegas
Partly adapted from Kaburakis 2009.
Anastasios Kaburakis—Attorney-at-law and Assistant Professor of Management & Sport Business.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
Swiss Institute of Comparative Law 2006, p. 37.
- 7.
C-243/01.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
338/04, paras 27, 73.
- 12.
275/92, para 60; 67/98, para 19.
- 13.
243/01, para 25.
- 14.
243/01, para 45; 42/02, para 20; 338/04, para 42.
- 15.
67/98, para 34; 243/01, paras 65, 70; 42/02, para 21; 338/04, Opinion, paras 38–42 per Colomer; 260/04, paras 34–36; 203/08, para 28; 447/08, paras 49–50; 46/08, paras 86–87; 64/08, paras 38–40, 49–55.
- 16.
124/97, at 13; 67/98, paras 24, 26, 30, 33, 34, Opinion per A.G. Fennelly; 243/01, paras 41–43, 60; 42/02, paras 15, 23; 42/07, paras 63–65; 203/08, paras 27–34; 258/08, paras 38, 55; 447/08, paras 44–46; 46/08, paras 98–104.
- 17.
243/01, paras 67 et seq.; 338/04, Opinion, paras 105–114 per Colomer; 260/04, paras 30 et seq.
- 18.
67/98, para 24, per Fennelly; 243/01, paras 47–49, 68–72; 338/04, paras 57–58.
- 19.
42/02, para 26.
- 20.
67/98, para 28, per Fennelly, para 37; 243/01, para 65; 338/04, para 126 per Colomer; paras 57–58; 42/07, paras 59 et seq.
- 21.
- 22.
Her Majesty's Customs and Excise v. Gerhart Schindler and Jörg Schindler (1994) 24 March, 275/92 at 61.
- 23.
- 24.
368/95 at 5.
- 25.
Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v. Heinrich Bauer Verlag (1997) 26 June, 368/95 at 6.
- 26.
- 27.
124/97, para 1.
- 28.
124/97, at 41.
- 29.
- 30.
Questore di Verona v. Diego Zenatti (1999) 67/98, para 2, Opinion per A.G. Fennelly.
- 31.
Questore di Verona v. Diego Zenatti (1999) 67/98, para 34, Opinion per A.G. Fennelly.
- 32.
67/98, para 20, per Fennelly.
- 33.
67/98, para 24, per Fennelly.
- 34.
67/98, para 24, per Fennelly.
- 35.
67/98, para 26, per Fennelly.
- 36.
67/98, para 24, per Fennelly.
- 37.
67/98, para 28, per Fennelly.
- 38.
67/98, para 30, per Fennelly.
- 39.
67/98, para 33, per Fennelly.
- 40.
Questore di Verona v. Diego Zenatti, Judgment of 21/10/1999, 67/98, para 37 (Note: Judgment unavailable in English as of 10/11/2010; translation available upon request).
- 41.
- 42.
6/01, Judgment of 11/09/2003, para 4.
- 43.
Associação Nacional de Operadores de Máquinas Recreativas (Anomar) and Others v. Estado português (2003) 11 September, 6/01, Judgment para 6.
- 44.
- 45.
243/01, para 25.
- 46.
243/01, para 26.
- 47.
243/01, para 28.
- 48.
243/01, para 29.
- 49.
243/01, paras 41–43.
- 50.
243/01, paras 45–46.
- 51.
243/01, paras 47–49.
- 52.
243/01, paras 52–54.
- 53.
243/01, paras 57–59.
- 54.
243/01, para 60.
- 55.
243/01, para 61.
- 56.
243/01, para 65.
- 57.
243/01, para 66.
- 58.
243/01, para 67.
- 59.
243/01, para 68.
- 60.
243/01, para 69.
- 61.
243/01, paras 70–71.
- 62.
243/01, para 72.
- 63.
243/01, para 73.
- 64.
243/01 (2003) November 6.
- 65.
- 66.
- 67.
42/02, para 5.
- 68.
42/02, para 15.
- 69.
42/02, para 23.
- 70.
42/02, para 20.
- 71.
42/02, para 21.
- 72.
42/02, para 25.
- 73.
42/02, para 26.
- 74.
42/02 (2003) November 13.
- 75.
- 76.
338/04, Opinion, para 48 per Colomer.
- 77.
338/04, Opinion, para 50 per Colomer.
- 78.
338/04, para 31.
- 79.
338/04, para 27.
- 80.
338/04, Opinion, para 89 per Colomer.
- 81.
338/04, Opinion, para 90 per Colomer.
- 82.
111/04 (2004) 26 April, ‘Gesualdi’.
- 83.
338/04, Opinion, paras 38–42 per Colomer.
- 84.
338/04 (2006) May 16, Opinion, para 1 per Colomer.
- 85.
338/04, Opinion, para 4 per Colomer.
- 86.
338/04, Opinion, paras 105–107 per Colomer.
- 87.
338/04, Opinion, paras 108–114 per Colomer.
- 88.
338/04, Opinion, para 126 per Colomer.
- 89.
338/04, Opinion, para 130 per Colomer.
- 90.
338/04, Opinion, para 141 per Colomer.
- 91.
338/04, Opinion, para 144 per Colomer.
- 92.
Footnote 116 in 338/04, Opinion, para 147 per Colomer.
- 93.
338/04, Opinion, paras 145–148 per Colomer.
- 94.
- 95.
338/04, Opinion, para 149 per Colomer.
- 96.
- 97.
- 98.
338/04, paras 36–37.
- 99.
338/04, paras 57–58.
- 100.
338/04, para 73.
- 101.
- 102.
260/04, Opinion, paras 11–14 per Sharpston.
- 103.
260/04, para 15.
- 104.
260/04, Opinion, 29 March 2007.
- 105.
260/04, Opinion, para 20 per Sharpston.
- 106.
260/04, Opinion, para 31 per Sharpston.
- 107.
260/04, Opinion, para 37 per Sharpston.
- 108.
260/04, Opinion, para 43 per Sharpston.
- 109.
260/04, para 15.
- 110.
Quoting Placanica, para 46, which further cites the aforementioned ECJ cases.
- 111.
260/04, para 31.
- 112.
260/04, para 32.
- 113.
260/04, paras 34–36.
- 114.
- 115.
p. 256 et seq.
- 116.
- 117.
A.G. opinion paras 28–33.
- 118.
Placanica and Others, para 48; 42/07, para 59.
- 119.
42/07, para 63.
- 120.
42/07, para 64.
- 121.
42/07, para 65.
- 122.
42/07, para 65.
- 123.
42/07, para 66.
- 124.
42/07, para 67.
- 125.
42/07, paras 68–71.
- 126.
- 127.
- 128.
203/08, para 11; 258/08, para 7.
- 129.
Case C-243/01 Gambelli and Others [2003] ECR I-13031, para 63, and Joined Cases C-338/04, C-359/04 and C-360/04 Placanica and Others [2007] ECR I-1891, para 47.
- 130.
See, to that effect, Placanica and Others, para 48, and Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional and Bwin International, para 59.
- 131.
Gambelli and Others, para 75, and Placanica and Others, para 58.
- 132.
203/08, para 31.
- 133.
p. 294.
- 134.
203/08, para 34.
- 135.
258/08, para 55.
- 136.
See, to that effect, Case C-124/97 Läärä and Others [1999] ECRI-6067, paras 40 and 42, and Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional and Bwin International, paras 66 and 67.
- 137.
Injunction before the Dutch Supreme Court, 18 February 2005, NJ 2005 404; Merits in favour of De Lotto in Court of Appeal of Arnhem, 17 October 2006.
- 138.
Veer et al. 2006, p. 3.
- 139.
Veer et al. 2006, p. 3.
- 140.
- 141.
- 142.
Veer et al. 2006, pp. 9–10.
- 143.
- 144.
258/08.
- 145.
Muller v. Oregon1907.
- 146.
42/02, paras 25–26.
- 147.
p. 293; also see Doukas and Anderson 2008, p. 247 et seq.
- 148.
p. 294.
- 149.
258/08, paras 34–37.
- 150.
258/08, para 38, emphasis added.
- 151.
pp. 293–293.
- 152.
- 153.
Monov 2010, para 5.
- 154.
447/08, para 5.
- 155.
447/08, para 48.
- 156.
447/08, paras 49–50.
- 157.
447/08, para 57.
- 158.
C-46/08, Carmen Media Group Ltd v. Land Schleswig–Holstein, Innenminister des Landes Schleswig–Holstein, http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-46/08&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercher; and C-64/08, Staatsanwaltschaft Linz v. Ernst Engelmann 158, http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-64/08&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercher, respectively.
- 159.
See, in particular, Case C-203/08 Sporting Exchange [2010] ECR I-0000, para 49.
- 160.
See Sporting Exchange, para 50 and case-law cited.
- 161.
46/08, para 98.
- 162.
Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional and Bwin International, para 70.
- 163.
See, by analogy, Case C-518/06 Commission v. Italy [2009] ECR I-3491, paras 83 and 84.
- 164.
Tagesspiegel, September 8, 2010.
- 165.
Sueddeutsche Zeitung, September 9, 2010.
- 166.
Die Welt, September 9, 2010.
- 167.
Tagesspiegel, September 9, 2010.
- 168.
64/08, para 7.
- 169.
64/08, para 9.
- 170.
64/08, para 49.
- 171.
64/08, para 55.
- 172.
64/08, para 59.
- 173.
EurActiv 2010.
- 174.
EurActiv 2010.
- 175.
- 176.
Diamandouros 2006b, p. 9.
- 177.
Diamandouros 2010.
- 178.
- 179.
289/2005/(WP)GG.
- 180.
Diamandouros 2006a, p. 2.
- 181.
Diamandouros 2006a, pp. 2–3.
- 182.
Diamandouros 2006a, p. 3, italics added.
- 183.
Diamandouros 2006a, p. 1, italics added.
- 184.
Diamandouros 2006a, p. 1.
- 185.
Diamandouros 2006a, p. 9.
- 186.
Diamandouros 2006b, p. 5.
- 187.
Diamandouros 2006b, p. 111.
- 188.
Franssen 2010.
- 189.
Naaktgeboren 2010.
- 190.
- 191.
EGBA 2010.
- 192.
RGA 2010.
- 193.
Verbiest 2010a.
- 194.
Hagan 2009.
- 195.
Asensi 2010.
- 196.
Idem.
- 197.
Idem.
- 198.
Verbiest 2010b.
- 199.
Verbiest 2010c.
- 200.
Mancini 2010.
- 201.
Idem.
- 202.
Spring–Summer 2009.
- 203.
Ronde 2009.
- 204.
- 205.
Commission investigates…, para 2.
- 206.
Commission investigates…, para 3.
- 207.
Directive 2006/123/EC of the EP and Council, 12 December 2006, on services in the internal market. http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/services-dir/index_en.htm, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_376/l_37620061227en00360068.pdf. After heated discussions and much controversy207 http://www.euractiv.com/en/sports/eu-sports-ministers-want-games-chance-services-directive/article-139467, http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/cheers-jeers-services-vote/article-152692.
- 208.
Directive 2006/123/EC, Article 2.
- 209.
- 210.
EP 2008.
- 211.
Per A.G. Colomer in the Placanica Opinion.
- 212.
Veenstra 2005.
- 213.
Idem.
- 214.
- 215.
Veenstra 2005.
- 216.
Vlaemminck 2005.
- 217.
Veenstra 2005.
- 218.
Also updates under: http://www.euromat.org/.
- 219.
As of late 2010 documented in 2/3 of the EU: http://www.egba.eu/en/press/553.
- 220.
- 221.
- 222.
http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/18/global-2000-10_The-Global-2000_Counrty_5.html, is not proportionate, justified, nor EU Law-compliant222http://gaminglaweu.eu/archive/archive2009/legitimacy-of-the-opap-monopoly-challenged/.
- 223.
Mintzberg 1994.
- 224.
Swiss Institute of Comparative Law 2006, p. 46.
- 225.
Idem.
- 226.
Swiss Institute of Comparative Law 2006, p. 1511.
- 227.
Swiss Institute of Comparative Law 2006, p. 1512.
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Acknowledgments
Occasionally an academic author is provided the opportunity to think… and thank. Without the slightest hesitation this manuscript is dedicated to my wife, Kristin, and her parents, Marilyn and Tom Folkl, for granting me the privilege to be a part of their family and concurrently continue along an often self-destructive path and quest for more knowledge, research, and perceived contributions. If I ever approach any semblance of life balance, it will only be because of them, and the miracle our children present us every day. Further, I wish to acknowledge Dr. Ryan Rodenberg, a dear friend and the epitome of a colleague, who unwaveringly dedicated a tremendous amount of time and intellectual effort during late nights and early morning discussions and correspondence on research matters sufficient for decades’ worth of research agendas. I am extremely fortunate to learn from him every day, and I constantly admire his life attitude, work-family balance, consistent clarity, and ethic. My gratitude is always due to Dr. David McArdle, without the friendly prodding of whom I would not be able to write a complete sentence, let alone academic research (not that I currently can, that is …). Earlier versions of this research would not have seen the light of print without his persistent fodder for my research journey. My academic debt to them and the many outstanding colleagues, who constantly serve as inspiration along this blessed path, is immeasurable and humbling.
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Kaburakis, A. (2011). European Union Law, Gambling, and Sport Betting. European Court of Justice Jurisprudence, Member States Case Law, and Policy. In: Anderson, P., Blackshaw, I., Siekmann, R., Soek, J. (eds) Sports Betting: Law and Policy. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-799-9_4
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