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The Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence at the Time of the Charter

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Abstract

This chapter summarizes the findings of Part 1. First, it portrays the forms and content of self-defence in the three identified normative frameworks: the Christian natural law, the positivist and the emerging international law frameworks. Further, it describes the temporal dimension of both the narrow understanding and the broader sense of self-defence identified in these frameworks. On the basis of the identified limits of the narrow understanding, this chapter organizes the elements of self-defence, as discerned in the legal–historical analysis. Finally, the pre-Charter status and limits of anticipatory action in self-defence are put forward. This chapter also serves as a departure point for the comparative analysis of post-Charter state practice.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See supra 2.1. Cicero 1968, Book I, Chap. 11, Section 35, p. 37.

  2. 2.

    Augustine 1955, Book I, 5.12, pp. 44–45; Peňafort, Section 18, in Reichberg et al. 2006, pp. 138–139; Aquinas, question 40, Article 1, in Reichberg et al. 2006, pp. 179–180; Vitoria 1991, p. 299; Gentili 1933, Book I, Chap. 13, p. 59; Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 1 (iii), p. 172.

  3. 3.

    Aquinas, question 40, Article 1, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 177; Vitoria 1991b, p. 300; Suárez 1944 Disputation XIII, Section 1 (4), pp. 802–803; Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 2 (xvi), p. 184.

  4. 4.

    Aquinas, question 40, Article 1, and question 41, Article 1, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 177 and pp. 182–183, respectively.

  5. 5.

    Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book I, Chap. 71, reprinted in Reichberg et al. 2006, pp. 4–5; Gratian, question V, canon 46, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 119; Gentili 1933, Book I, Chap. 14, p. 62; Pufendorf 1934, Book VIII, Chap. 6 (7), p. 1298; Vattel 1964, Book. III, Chap. 3, Section 42, p. 248; Twiss 1860, pp. 11–12.

  6. 6.

    Jessup 1948, p. 164.

  7. 7.

    Gratian, question I, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 110; Pisan, Part 3, Chap. 12, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 219.

  8. 8.

    Peňafort, § 18, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 133; Vitoria 1991, pp. 297–303; Suárez 1944, Disputation XIII, Section 1 (6), p. 804; Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 1 (ii), p. 172.

  9. 9.

    See the differentiation made by Grotius regarding private and public defensive wars. Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 2 (xvi), p. 184. See also Jessup 1948, p. 164.

  10. 10.

    Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap.  2 (xvi), p. 184; Hall 1880, pp. 229–232. See also supra 3.3.

  11. 11.

    Gentili 1933, Book I, Chap. 14, p. 66; Vattel 1964, Book III, Chap. 3, Section 42, p. 248; Pufendorf 1934, Book VIII, Chap. 6 (7), p. 1298.

  12. 12.

    Gentili 1933, Book I, Chap. 14, p. 62.

  13. 13.

    Vitoria 1991, p. 299; Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 1 (xi), p. 179.

  14. 14.

    Gratian, question II, canon 1, in Reichberg et al. 2006, p. 113; Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 1 (iii), p. 172 (attack by violence) and Chap. 2 (xvi), p. 184 (act of violence); June 23 Note, in Miller 1928, pp. 213–214.

  15. 15.

    Gentili 1933. Book I, Chap. 14, p. 62.

  16. 16.

    June 23 Note, in Miller 1928, pp. 213–214.

  17. 17.

    Gentili 1933, Book I, Chap. 13, p. 58; Grotius 1964, Book II, Chap. 1 (iii), p. 172; Webster 1841, p. 1138; June 23 Note, in Miller 1928, pp. 213–214.

  18. 18.

    See supra 3.2.2.1 and 3.2.2.2.

  19. 19.

    For instance, see Hall’s treatment of such measures: Hall 1880, pp. 306–314.

  20. 20.

    The Caroline incident and the Virginius affair involved private citizens and property (see supra 3.2.2.1 and 3.2.2.2). The Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the Italian invasion of Ethiopia endangered the territorial integrity and political independence of the occupied states (see supra 4.5.1 and 4.5.2).

  21. 21.

    See supra 3.2.2.1.

  22. 22.

    Webster 1841, p. 1138.

  23. 23.

    June 23 Note, in Miller 1928, pp. 213–214; Art. 2 Locarno Pact 1925; Oppenheim 1905, pp. 178–179. See also supra 5.3.

  24. 24.

    Peňafort, Section 18, in Reichberg et al. 2006, pp. 138–139; Aquinas, question 41, Article 1, in Reichberg et al. 2006.

  25. 25.

    See supra 2.4.3, pp. 182–183.

  26. 26.

    See the different sections on moderation in Grotius 1964, Book III, Chap. 11, pp. 722–744, Chap. 12, pp. 745–756, Chap. 13, pp. 757–760, Chap. 14, pp. 761−769, Chap. 15, pp. 770–777. See also supra 2.4.3. Vattel 1964, Book III, Chaps. 8–13, pp. 279–312; Twiss 1863, pp. 17–18. See also Roberts 2008, pp. 938–939.

  27. 27.

    See also Gardam 1993, pp. 394–397.

  28. 28.

    For an elaboration on the ‘international’ characteristics of the normative frameworks, see supra 2.5, 3.3 and 4.7.

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  1. Forum for the Law of Armed Conflict and Peace Operations, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Kinga Tibori Szabó (Researcher)

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Szabó, K.T. (2011). The Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence at the Time of the Charter. In: Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence. T.M.C. Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-796-8_6

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