Abstract
The majority of optical phenomena and even most of photonics can be well understood on the basis of Classical Electrodynamics. The Maxwell-Theory is perfectly adequate for understanding diffraction, interference, image formation, photonic-band-gap and negative-index materials, and even most nonlinear phenomena such as frequency doubling, mixing or short pulse physics. However, spontaneous emission or intensity correlations are not (or incorrectly) captured. For example, photons in a single-mode laser well above the threshold are (counter-intuitively) completely uncorrelated whereas thermal photons have a tendency to “come” in pairs (within the coherence time).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
H. Paul, Photonen. Eine Einführung in die Quantenoptik, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, Leipzig (1999).
R. Loudon, The Quantum Theory of Light, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1973).
R. Kidd et al. The evolution of the modern photon, Am. J. Phys. 57, 27 (1988).
Ch. C. Gerry and P. L. Knight, Introductory Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005).
M. O. Scully and S. S. Zubairy, Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
H. A. Bachor, A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics, Wiley-VCH, New York (1998).
S. Haroche and J-M. Raimond, Exploring the Quantum, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2006).
C. de Witt, A. Blandin, and C. Cohen-Tannoudji (eds), Quantum Optics and Quantum Electronics, Gordon&Breach, New York (1965).
R. J. Glauber (ed.), Quantum Optics, Academic, New York (1969).
Quantum Optics, S. M. Kay and A. Maitland (eds). Academic (1970).
L. Mandel and E. Wolf, (eds.), Coherence and Quantum Optics, Plenum, New York (1973).
R. v. Baltz, Photons and Photon Statistics: From Incandescent Light to Lasers, in: Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy, B. Di Bartolo (ed.), Kluwer, New York (2004).
Ph. Lenard, Über die lichtelektrische Wirkung, Annalen der Physik (Leipzig), 8, 149 (1902).
A. Einstein, Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichts betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Annalen der Physik (Leipzig), 17, 132 (1905).
R. A. Millikan, A direct photoelectric determination of Planck’s h, Phys. Rev. 7, 355 (1914).
A. H. Compton, The spectrum of scattered X-rays, Phys. Rev. 22, 409 (1923).
E. O. Lawrence and J. W. Beams, The element of time in the photoelectric effect, Phys. Rev. 32, 478 (1928).
A. T. Forrester, R. A. Gudmundsen, and P. O. Johnson, Photoelectric mixing of incoherent light, Phys. Rev. 99, 1691 (1955).
G. I. Taylor, Interference fringes with feeble light, Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 15, 114 (1909).
A. J. Dempster and H. F. Batho, Light Quanta and Interference, Phys. Rev. 30, 644 (1927).
L. Janossy, Experiments and Theoretical Considerations Concerning The Dual Nature of Light, in H. Haken and M. Wagner (eds.), Cooperative Phenomena, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1973).
G. Breit, Are quanta unidirectional?, Phys. Rev. 22, 313 (1923).
P. A. M. Dirac, The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation, Proc. R. Soc. A 114, 243 (1927), see also The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, fourth edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1958).
R. Hanbury Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Correlations between photons in two coherent beams of light, Nature 177, 27 (1956).
J. F. Clauser, Experimental distinction between the quantum and classical field theoretic predictions for the photoelectric effect, Phys. Rev. D 9, 853 (1974).
J. N. Dodd, The Compton effect - a classical treatment, Eur. J. Phys. 4, 205 (1983).
L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Theoretische Physik, Akademie Verlag, Berlin (1970).
R. J. Glauber, The Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence, Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 (1963), Coherent and Incoherent States of the Radiation Field, Phys. Rev. 131, 2766 (1964), and in Refs.[8, 9].
H. C. Ohanian, What is spin?, Am. J. Phys. 54, 500 (1986).
Ph. Grangier, A. Aspect and J. Vigue, Quantum interference effect for two atoms radiating a single photon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 418 (1985).
S. F. Jacobs, How monocromatic is laser light?, Am. J. Phys. 47, 597 (1979).
C. H. Holbrow, E. Galvez, and M. E. Parks, Photon quantum mechanics and beam splitters, Am. J. Phys. 70, 260 (2002).
S. Prasad, M. O. Scully, and W. Martienssen, A quantum description of the beam splitter, Opt. Commun. 62, 139 (1987).
P. Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, Experimental evidence for photon anticorrelation effects on a beam splitter: a new light on single-photon interferences. Eur. Phys. Lett. 1, 173 (1986). See also Physics World, Feb. (2003).
R. Hanbury Brown, The Intensity Interferometer, Taylor& Francis (1974); see also http://www.science.org.au/academy/memoirs/brown.htm
G. A. Rebka and R. V. Pound, Time-correlated photons, Nature 180, 1035 (1957).
B. L. Morgan and L. Mandel, Measurement of photon bunching in thermal light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 1012 (1966); H. J. Kimble, M. Dagenais, and L. Mandel, Photon antibunching in resonance fluorescence, Phys. Rev. Lett 39, 691 (1977).
W. Martiensen and E. Spiller, Coherence and fluctuations in light beams, Am. J. Phys. 32, 919 (1964).
F. T. Arecchi, E. Gatti, and A. Sona, Time distribution of photons from coherent and Gaussian sources, Phys. Lett. 20, 27 (1966).
M. Dagenais and L. Mandel, Investigations of two-time correlations in photon emissions from a single atom, Phys. Rev. A18, 2217 (1978).
F. Diedrich and H. Walther, Nonclassical radiation of a single stored ion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 203 (1987).
M. Kobayashi and H. Inaba, Photon statistics and correlation analysis of ultraweak light originating from living organisms for extraction of biological information, Appl. Opt. 39, 183 (2000).
I. Langmuir, Pathological Science, Phys. Today, Oct. 1989, p. 36.
C. H. Hong, Z. Y. Ou, and L. Mandel, Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between
two photons by interference, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2044 (1987).
Z. Y. Ou and L. Mandel, Observation of spatial quantum beating with separated photodetectors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 54 (1988).
J. Beugnon et al. (Grangier’s group), Quantum interference between two single photons emitted by independently trapped atoms, Lett Nat 440, 779 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Baltz, R.V. (2011). Photons and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. In: Bartolo, B., Collins, J. (eds) Biophotonics: Spectroscopy, Imaging, Sensing, and Manipulation. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9977-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9977-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9976-1
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9977-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)