Skip to main content

Sowing Seeds of Resilience: Community Gardening in a Post-Disaster Context

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Greening in the Red Zone

Abstract

Resilience is a natural capacity to recover from adversity, sustain well-being, and grow from the experience. To enhance resilience in a high-stress, post-disaster context, we argue that it is vital to introduce positive stimuli to buffer the effects of negative stimuli. We review empirical evidence for the positive effects of various forms of contact with green space and contend that community gardening has considerable potential for bolstering individual and community resilience in disaster zones. We propose that creating an extensive network of community gardens as part of a disaster preparedness plan would yield multi-level benefits and bolster resilience capacity before it is acutely needed, and we suggest that community gardens established after a disaster has occurred adopt targeted aims in order to maximize benefits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The above vignette is based on the experience of one of the authors (HAO) in April 2001.

References

  • Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A., & Galea, S. (2006). Social and psychological resources and health outcomes after the World Trade Center disaster. Social Science & Medicine, 62, 176–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, D. (2000). A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development. Health & Place, 6, 319–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, P. A., Higginson, C. I., Voss, W. D., Bender, W. I., Wurst, J. M., & Tippin, J. M. (1999). Depression in multiple sclerosis: Relationship to working memory capacity. Neuropsychology, 13, 546–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, E. N., Johnston, Y. A. M., & Morgan, L. L. (2006). Community gardening in a senior center: A therapeutic intervention to improve the health of older adults. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 40(1), 48–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, B. (2000). Community and neighborhood organization. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 331–357). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? The American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bromet, E. J., & Dew, M. A. (1995). Review of psychiatric epidemiologic research on disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 17, 113–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Kang, E., Gross, J., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2001). An fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115, 33–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, L. M., Graham, J. E., Padgett, D. A., Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2006). Stress and wound healing. Neuroimmunomodulation, 13, 337–346.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R. B., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Emotional style and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 652–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 3, 361–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Common Ground Relief. (2009). About us. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from http://www.commongroundrelief.org/?q=node/25

  • Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005). Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 769–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. (1998). Development of the profession of horticultural therapy. In S. P. Simson & M. C. Straus (Eds.), Horticulture as therapy: Principles and practice (pp. 3–18). New York: The Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diette, G. B., Lechtzin, N., Haponik, E., Devrotes, A., & Rubin, H. R. (2003). Distraction therapy with nature sights and sounds reduces pain during flexible bronchoscopy: A complementary approach to routine analgesia. Chest, 123, 941–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Grievink, L., Van der Velden, P. G., & Yzermans, C. J. (2006). Risk factors for psychological and physical health problems after a man-made disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 144–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrigoule, C., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Zarrouk, M., Commenges, D., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (1995). Social and leisure activities and risk of dementia: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 485–490.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, J. F., Okun, M. A., Barrera, M., Jr., Zautra, A. J., & Reich, J. W. (1989). Positive and negative social ties among older adults: Measurement models and the prediction of psychological distress and well-being. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 585–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 337, a2338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, T. D. (2003). The story of the Queen Anne Memorial Garden: Resisting a dominant cultural narrative. Journal of Leisure Research, 35, 190–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, T. D., Parry, D. C., & Shinew, K. J. (2004). Leisure spaces as potential sites for interracial interaction: Community gardens in urban areas. Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 336–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heliker, D., Chadwick, A., & O’Connell, T. (2000). The meaning of gardening and the effects on perceived well-being of a gardening project on diverse populations of elders. Activities, Adaptation, & Aging, 24, 35–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Infantino, M. (2004). Gardening: A strategy for health promotion in older women. The Journal of the New York State Nurses’ Association, 35, 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, M. R., & Crane, M. (1986). Some of my best friends are black: Interracial friendships and whites’ racial attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 459–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1892). Psychology: The briefer course. New York: Holt.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, P. H., Jr., Severson, R. L., & Ruckert, J. H. (2009). The human relation with nature and technological nature. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 37–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and Behavior, 5, 145–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. (1995). The urban forest as a source of psychological well-being. In G. A. Bradley (Ed.), Urban forest landscapes: Integrating multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 100–108). Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (2005). Preference, restoration, and meaningful action in the context of nearby nature. In P. F. Barlett (Ed.), Urban place: Reconnecting with the natural world (pp. 271–298). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001). The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 565–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klinenberg, E. (1999). Denaturalizing disaster: A social autopsy of the 1995 Chicago heat wave. Theory and Society, 28, 239–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, F. E. (2001). Coping with poverty: Impacts of environment and attention in the inner city. Environmental Behavior, 33, 5–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, F. E., & Taylor, A. F. (2004). A potential natural treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1580–1586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, F. E., Sullivan, W. C., Coley, R. L., & Brunson, L. (1998). Fertile ground for community: Inner-city neighborhood common spaces. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 823–851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kweon, B.-S., Sullivan, W. C., & Wiley, A. R. (1998). Green common spaces and the social integration of inner-city older adults. Environment and Behavior, 30, 832–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, L. J. (2005). City bountiful: A century of community gardening in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydersen, K. (2009, July 4). Landfill worries cloud hopes for New Orleans gardens. The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/03/AR2009070302436.html?hpid=moreheadlines

  • Marris, P. (2002). Holding onto meaning through the life cycle. In R. S. Weiss & S. A. Bass (Eds.), Challenges of the third age: Meaning and purpose in later life (pp. 13–28). London: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. The American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, A. C. (1988). Aetiology of post-traumatic stress disorders following a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 116–121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, A. C. (1989). The aetiology of post-traumatic morbidity: Predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 221–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milligan, C., Gatrell, A., & Bingley, A. (2004). ‘Cultivating health’: Therapeutic landscapes and older people in northern England. Social Science & Medicine, 58, 1781–1793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moskowitz, J. T. (2003). Positive affect predicts lower risk of AIDS mortality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 620–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okvat, H. A. (2011). A pilot study of the benefits of traditional and mindful community gardening for urban older adults’ subjective well-being. Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 1–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., & Zautra, A. J. (1991). Experimental and measurement approaches to internal control in older adults. Journal of Social Issues, 47, 143–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Davis, M. C. (2003). Dimensions of affect relationships: Models and their integrative implications. Review of General Psychology, 7, 66–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Hall, J. S. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of adult resilience. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, H. J., & Kafami, D. M. (1999). Impact of horticultural therapy on vulnerability and resistance to substance abuse among incarcerated offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29, 183–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubonis, A. V., & Bickman, L. (1991). Psychological impairment in the wake of disaster: The disaster–psychopathology relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 384–399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russek, L. G., & Schwartz, G. E. (1997). Perceptions of parental caring predict health status in midlife: A 35-year follow-up of the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 144–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The role of purpose in life and personal growth in positive human health. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 213–235). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldivar-Tanaka, L., & Krasny, M. E. (2004). Culturing community development, neighborhood open space, and civil agriculture: The case of Latino community gardens in New York City. Agriculture and Human Values, 21, 399–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky, R. M. (1998). Why zebras don’t get ulcers: An updated guide to stress, stress related diseases, and coping. New York: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmelzkopf, K. (1996). Urban community gardens as contested space. Geographical Review, 85, 364–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrieber, P. (1998). Community gardening: Design, techniques, and tools. In S. P. Simson & M. C. Straus (Eds.), Horticulture as therapy: Principles and practices (pp. 377–397). Binghamton: Food Products Press/Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, T. E., Berkman, L. F., Charpentier, P. A., Blazer, D. G., Albert, M. S., & Tinetti, M. E. (1995). Behavioral and psychosocial predictors of physical performance: MacArthur studies of successful aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50, 177–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigelman, L., Bledsae, T., Welch, S., & Combs, W. (1996). Making contact: Black-white social interaction in an urban setting. The American Journal of Sociology, 101, 1306–1332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, L. A., Simons, J., McCallum, J., & Friedlander, Y. (2006). Lifestyle factors and risk of dementia: Dubbo study of the elderly. The Medical Journal of Australia, 184, 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, A. A., & Neale, J. M. (1982). Development of a methodology for assessing daily experiences. In A. Baum & J. Singer (Eds.), Advances in environmental psychology: Environment and health (Vol. 4, pp. 49–83). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, S. M. (2005). Lifting spirits: Creating gardens in California domestic violence shelters. In P. F. Barlett (Ed.), Urban place: Reconnecting with the natural world (pp. 61–88). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, W. C., Kuo, F. E., & DePooter, S. F. (2004). The fruit of urban nature: Vital neighborhood spaces. Environment and Behavior, 36, 678–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S. K., & Davidson, R. J. (1997). Prefrontal brain asymmetry: A biological substrate of the behavioral approach and inhibition systems. Psychological Science, 8, 204–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tidball, K. G., & Krasny, M. E. (2007). From risk to resilience: What role for community greening and civic ecology in cities? In A. E. J. Wals (Ed.), Social learning towards a sustainable world: Principles, perspectives and praxis (pp. 149–164). Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420–421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M. (2000). At home with nature: Effects of “greenness” on children’s cognitive functioning. Environment and Behavior, 32, 775–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M., & Evans, G. W. (2003). Nearby nature: A buffer of life stress among rural children. Environment and Behavior, 35, 311–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wichrowski, M., Whiteson, J., Haas, F., Mola, A., & Rey, M. J. (2005). Effects of horticultural therapy on mood and heart rate in patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 25, 270–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A. J. (2003). Emotions, stress, and health. New York: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A. J., Hall, J. S., & Murray, K. E. (2008). Resilience: A new integrative approach to health and mental health research. Health Psychology Review, 2, 41–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Macon Fry, John Reich, and Nancy Wells for their helpful reviews of earlier versions of this manuscript and excellent suggestions for more clearly articulating the ideas presented herein.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heather A. Okvat Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Okvat, H.A., Zautra, A.J. (2014). Sowing Seeds of Resilience: Community Gardening in a Post-Disaster Context. In: Tidball, K., Krasny, M. (eds) Greening in the Red Zone. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9947-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics