Skip to main content

Investing in Others: Prosocial Spending for (Pro)Social Change

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

In this chapter we explore whether prosocial spending – spending money on others – can have postive outcomes for spenders, recipients, and the broader community. We begin by briefly summarizing the literature on the relationship between money and happiness. Next, we review our research on the benefits of prosocial spending for happiness, along with other components of well–being. we present our findings at four levels, starting first with the consequences of prosocial spending for individuls, and then extending this discussion outward to dyads, and organizations. Finally, we offer several practical strategies for utilizing the lessons our research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aderman, D. (1972). Elation, depression, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 91–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahuvia, A. (2008). If money doesn’t make us happy, why do we act as if it does? Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 491–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C. P., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Biswas-Diener, R., Kemeza, I., et al. (2010). Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal. Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., & Norton, M. I. (2010). Positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and happiness. Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., Sandstrom, G., & Norton, M. I. (2010). Putting the social in prosocial spending. Manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aknin, L. B., Norton, M. I., & Dunn, E. W. (2009). From wealth to well-being? Money matters, but less than people think. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 523–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8, 425–429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anik, L., Aknin, L. B., Norton, M. I., & Dunn, E. W. (2010). Feeling good about giving: The benefits (and costs) of self-interested charitable behavior. In D. M. Oppenheimer & C. Y. Olivola (Eds.). Experimental approaches to the study of charitable giving (pp. 3–13). London, England: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aversa, J. (2010). Americans’ job satisfaction falls to an all time low. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Americans-job-satisfaction-apf-1483464009.html?x=0&sec=topStories&pos=3&asset=&ccode=

  • Barbaro, M. (2009). Candles, jeans, lipsticks: Products with ulterior motives. Retrieved December 12, 2009, from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/us/13retail.html

  • Barton, N., & Wasley, P. (2009). Online giving slows. Chronicle of Philanthropy. http://philanthropy.com/free/articles/v21/i14/14001701.htm

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2006). Positive affect and health. Psychological Science, 15, 122–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. R., Steinberg, J., & Grev, R. (1980). Wanting to and having to help: Separate motivations for positive mood and guilt-induced helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 181–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaton, A. (2008). Income, health, wellbeing around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22, 53–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide to needed research. Social Indicators Research, 57, 119–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Towards an economy of well-being. Psychological Science, 5, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319, 1687–1688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, E. W., Ashton-James, C. E., Hanson, M. D., & Aknin, L. B. (2010). On the costs of self-interested economic behavior: How does stinginess get under the skin? Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 627–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in Framingham heart study. British Medical Journal, 337, a2338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. H. (2004). How not to buy happiness. Daedalus, 133, 69–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 359, 1367–1377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2000). Happiness, economy and institutions. The Economic Journal, 110, 918–938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, A., & Konrad, K. A. (1996). A signaling explanation for charity. American Economic Review, 86, 1019–1028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Psychological Science, 2, 96–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Independent Sector. (1999). Giving and volunteering in the United States. http://www.independentsector.org/GandV/default.htm

  • Isen, A. M. (1970). Success, failure, attention and reaction to others: The warm glow of success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 294–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M., & Levin, P. F. (1972). Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 384–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. (2009). Mystery couple starts “magical” chain reaction. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local-beat/Mystery-Couple-Pay-It-Forward-79179347.html?yhp=1

  • Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 32, 1908–1910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konow, J., & Earley, J. (2008). The hedonistic paradox: Is homo economicus happier? Journal of Public Economics, 92, 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. E. (2001). Pleasant affect and sociability: Towards a comprehensive model of extraverted feelings and behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(10-B), 5610, UMI No. AAI9990068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B., & Cohen, A. (2008). An adaptation for altruism? The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Psychological Science, 17, 281–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, M. I., Aknin, L. B., Anik, L., Dunn, E. W., & Quoidbach, J. (2010). Prosocial spending increases employee satisfaction and job performance. Manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald, A. J. (1997). Happiness and economic performance. The Economic Journal, 107, 1815–1831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piliavin, J. A. (2003). Doing well by doing good: Benefits for the benefactor. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), The life well-lived (pp. 227–247). Washington, DC: APA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Polk, D. E., Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). State and trait affect as predictors of salivary cortisol in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 261–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhan, D. L., Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1974). Affect moderates self-gratification and altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 546–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schervish, P., & Szanto, A. (2006). Wealth and giving by the numbers. Excerpts from Wealth & Giving Forum Gatherings, Issue 2. Published Fall 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., Boehm, J. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (in press). Variety is the spice of happiness: The hedonic adaptation prevention (HAP) model. In I. Boniwell & S. David (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., Schwarz, N., & Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1460–1469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A., & Hewitt, L. N. (2001). Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 115–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Totterdell, P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sports teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 848–859.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24, 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldfogel, J. (1993). The deadweight loss of Christmas. The American Economic Review, 83, 1328–1336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S., & Shiaw, W. T. (1999). Mood and organizational citizenship behavior: The effects of positive affect on employee organizational citizenship behavior intentions. Journal of Psychology, 133, 656–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. (2009). Shopping for clothing, donating time. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/giving/12BANANA.html?_r=1&ref=givin

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth W. Dunn .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aknin, L.B., Sandstrom, G.M., Dunn, E.W., Norton, M.I. (2011). Investing in Others: Prosocial Spending for (Pro)Social Change. In: Biswas-Diener, R. (eds) Positive Psychology as Social Change. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9938-9_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics