Abstract
The ambition of this volume has been to evaluate and discuss the state of public participation in landscape issues a decade after the establishment of the European Landscape Convention. This concluding chapter summarizes the insights from various countries and discusses vital issues for future landscape research. While the merits of the ELC and public participation are acknowledged in the cases presented, a number of weaknesses and difficulties are also recognized. The main challenges to participation identified include public indifference, political and administrative power structures, scepticism regarding participatory approaches in government quarters, diverging perspectives between experts and stakeholders, and how to ensure democratic involvement. Positive lessons and cases of good practice show, nonetheless, that there are democratic gains to be made from participation. Methods may vary in detail, but techniques to ensure effective two-way communication are essential. The spectrum of participatory methods and communicative concepts examined indicates a need for mediation and arbitration. This is particularly so as the number of conflicts over the role of participation in environmental and landscape issues is likely to increase as the participatory approach spreads. Finally the chapter discusses the ELC in relation to European Union (EU) Directives, the future role of science in participatory approaches, and new issues emerging. There is a need for further knowledge concerning landscape perceptions, the interface between the ELC and other societal goals concerning landscape and land use, and policy strategy discourses. Since participatory approaches challenge the role of experts, questions are raised about how this field is to be researched. New questions also arise regarding options for participation in the face of contemporary trends and issues such as tourism, climatic change, biodiversity loss, and multiculturalism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Alphandéry P, Fortier A (2001) Can a territorial policy be based on science alone? The system for creating the Natura 2000 network in France. Sociol Rural 41:311–328
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). http://www.cbd.int/convention /convention.shtml. Accessed 17 Mar 2010
Council of Europe (2000) European Landscape Convention, Florence, 20.X.2000. ETS No. 176. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/176.htm. Accessed 6 Mar 2007
EC (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy. Off J L 327:1–82, 22.12.2000, EUR-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0060:EN:NOT. Accessed 17 Mar 2010
ECOVAST (2006) Landscape identification: a guide to good practice. http://ecovast.org/papers/good_guid_e.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2009
EEC (1992) Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Off J L 206:7–50, 22/7/1992, EUR-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992L0043:EN:NOT. Accessed 17 Mar 2010
Emmelin L (1982) Painting the future: visual impact analysis of changes in the Swedish landscape. Forskningsrådsnämnden, Delegationen för långsiktsmotiverad forskning, Stockholm
Emmelin L (1996) Landscape impact analysis: a systematic approach to landscape impacts of policy. Landsc Res 21:1–13
Emmelin L, Jones M, Ree H, Forshed N (1990) Landskap på Jæren og Romerike: Utvikling og framtidsbilder. In: Sødal DO, Vatn A, Emmelin L, Jones M, Forshed N (eds) Jordbrukspolitikk og miljø, del II Kulturlandskapet. Landbruksforlaget, Oslo, pp 1–32
European Commission (2010) Natura 2000 network. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/. Accessed 25 Mar 2010
Folke C, Colding J, Berkes F (2003) Synthesis: building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems. In: Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (eds) Navigating social–ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 352–387
Jones M (1993) Economy versus ecology – challenges for agriculture in Norway in the light of some West European experiences. Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift 26:43–64
Jones (2007) The European landscape convention and the question of public participation. Landsc Res 32:613–633
Lindborg R, Bengtsson J, Berg Å, Cousins SAO, Eriksson O, Gustafsson T, Hasund KP, Lenoir L, Pihlgren A, Sjödin E, Stenseke M (2008) A landscape perspective on conservation of semi-natural grasslands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 125:213–222
Menzies D (2007) Mediating conflicts over landscape issues. Paper presented at the conference Management of Landscapes in Conflict Regions, Birzeit University (Ramallah, Palestine), 29 Nov to 1 Dec 2007
Menzies D (2010) Effective mediation. Paper presented at effective RMA participation, Environmental Defence Society Workshop, 27 Feb 2010
Naturvårdsverket (2010) Arbetssätt för biologisk mångfald och andra värden i ett landskapsperspektiv: En handledning. Rapport 6342. Naturvårdsverket, Stockholm. http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/978-91-620-6342-9.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2010
O’Riordan T, Stoll-Kleeman S (2002) Deliberative democracy and participatory biodiversity. In: O’Riordan T, Stoll-Kleeman S (eds) Biodiversity, sustainability and human communities: protecting beyond the protected. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 87–112
Rekola M, Pouta E, Kuuluvainen J, Tahvonen O, Li C-Z (2000) Incommensurable preferences in contingent valuation: the case of Natura 2000 Network Finland. Environ Conserv 27:260–268
Robertson DP, Hull RB (2003) Public ecology: an environmental science and policy for global society. Environ Sci Policy 6:399–410
Rønningen K (1998) Agricultural policies and countryside management: a comparative european study. Dr.polit. thesis, Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
Sager T (2009) Planners’ role: torn between dialogical ideals and neo-liberal realities. Eur Plan Stud 17:65–84
Schoute JFT, Finke P, Veeneklaas FR, Wolfert HP (eds) (1995) Scenario studies for the rural environment: selected and edited proceedings of the symposium Scenario Studies for the Rural Environment, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 12–15 September 1994. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Selman P (2004) Community participation in the planning and management of cultural landscapes. J Environ Plan Manage 47:365–392
Statens landbruksforvaltning, Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, & Riksantikvaren (2007) Utvalgte kulturlandskap i jordbruket. Oslo
Stenseke M (2006) Biodiversity and the local context: linking seminatural grasslands and their future use to social aspects. Environ Sci Policy 9:350–359
Stenseke M (2009) Local participation in cultural landscape maintenance: lessons from Sweden. Land Use Policy 26:214–223
Stoll-Kleeman S (2001) Opposition to the designation of protected areas in Germany. J Environ Plan Manage 44:109–128
Tress B, Tress G (2003) Scenario visualisation for participatory landscape planning – a study from Denmark. Landsc Urban Plan 64:161–178
UN (1992) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163. Accessed 17 Mar 2010
UNECE (1998) Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters done at Aarhus, Denmark on 25 June 1998. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. http://www.unece.org/env/pp/treatytext.htm Accessed 11 Mar 2010
Young J, Watt A, Nowicki P, Alard D, Clitherow J, Henle K, Johnson R, Laczko E, McCracken D, Matouch S, Niemela J, Richards C (2005) Towards sustainable land use: identifying and managing the conflicts between human activities and biodiversity conservation in Europe. Biodivers Conserv 14:1641–1661
Zachrisson A (2004) Co-management of natural resources: paradigm shifts, key concepts and cases. Mountain Mistra Programme report no. 1. Mountain Mistra Programme, Umeå
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stenseke, M., Jones, M. (2011). Conclusion: Benefits, Difficulties, and Challenges of Participation Under the European Landscape Convention. In: Jones, M., Stenseke, M. (eds) The European Landscape Convention. Landscape Series, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9932-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9932-7_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9931-0
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9932-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)