Abstract
Ecological Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed (SER 2004). Different practitioners interpret this in various ways. Some think it necessitates re-establishing the original ecosystem or trying to replicate the communities present in some supposed reference ecosystem. Others take a rather more pragmatic approach and seek to restore as many of the original species as possible and develop a functionally effective and self-sustaining system even if it is, ultimately, one with a slightly different composition than the original ecosystem. In practice, there is probably little difference between these approaches. Both rely on re-establishing native species representative of the site and both recognise that the process will take many years to reach maturity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ashton MS, Gunatilleke CVS, Singhakumara BMP, Gunatilleke IAUN (2001) Restoration Âpathways for rain forest in southwest Sri Lanka: a review of concepts and models. Forest Ecol Manage 154:409–430
Bell LC (2001) Establishment of ecosystems after mining – Australian experience across a diverse biogeographic zones. Ecol Eng 17:179–186
Camargo JLC, Ferraz IDK, Imakawa AM (2002) Rehabilitation of degraded areas of Central Amazonia using direct sowing of forest tree seeds. Restor Ecol 10:636–644
Corlett R (1999) Environmental forestry in Hong Kong: 1971–1997. Forest Ecol Manage 116:93–105
Dalton G (1993) Direct seeding of trees and shrubs. a manual for Australian conditions. Department of Primary Industries, Adelaide
De Jong W, Sam DD, Hung TV (2006) Forest rehabilitation in Vietnam: history, realities and future. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor
Doust SJ, Erskine PD, Lamb D (2006) Direct seeding to restore rainforest species: microsite effects on the early establishment and growth of rainforest tree seedlings on degraded land in the wet tropics of Australia. Forest Ecol Manage 234:333–343
Doust SJ, Erskine PD, Lamb D (2008) Restoring rainforest species by direct seeding: tree seedling establishment and growth performance on degraded land in the wet tropics of Australia. Forest Ecol Manage 256:1178–1188
Douterlungne D, Levy-Tacher SI, Golicher DJ, Danobeytia FR (2010) Applying indigenous knowledge to the restoration of degraded tropical forest clearings dominated by bracken fern. Restor Ecol 18:322–329
Dudgeon D, Corlett R (2004) The ecology and biodiversity of Hong Kong. Friends of the Country Parks, Hong Kong
Elliott S, Anusarnsunthorn V, Maxwell JF, Gale G, Toktank T, Kuarak C, Navakitbumrung P, Pakkad G, Tunjai P, Thaiyang J, Blakesley D (2004) How to plant a forest. Proceedings of the 8th Biodiversity Research and Training Annual Conference, Surat Thani, Thailand
Elliott S, Blakesley D, Maxwell JF, Doust S, Suwannaratana S (2006) How to plant a forest: the principles and practice of restoring tropical forests. Biology Department, University of Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai
Elliott S, Navakitbumrung P, Kuarak C, Zangkum S, Anusarnsunthorn V, Blakesley D (2003) Selecting framework tree species for restoring seasonally dry tropical forests in northern Thailand based on field performance. Forest Ecol Manage 184:177–191
Engel VL, Parrotta JA (2001) An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Forest Ecol Manage 152:169–181
Erskine PD, Catterall CP, Lamb D, Kanowski J (2007) Patterns and processes of old-field reforestation in Australian rain forest landscapes. In: Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Old fields: dynamics and restoration of abandoned farmland. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 119–144
Finegan B, Delgado D (2000) Structural and floristic heterogeneity in a 30-year-old rain forest restored on pasture through natural secondary succession. Restor Ecol 8:380–393
Firn J, Erskine PE, Lamb D (2007) Woody species diversity influences productivity and soil nutrient availability in tropical plantations. Oecologia 154:521–533
Freebody K (2007) Rainforest revegetation in the uplands of the Australian Wet Tropics: The Eacham Shire experience with planting models, outcomes and monitoring issues. Ecol Manage Restor 8:140–142
Futami T (2004) Assembly history interacts with ecosystem size to influence species biodiversity. Ecology 85:3234–3242
Goosem S, Tucker N (1995) Repairing the rainforest: theory and practice of rainforest re-Âestablishment in North Queensland’s wet tropics. Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns
Hardwick K, Healy J, Elliott S, Garwood NC, Anusarnsunthorn V (1997) Understanding and assisting natural regeneration in northern Thailand. Forest Ecol Manage 99:203–214
Hau BCH (2000) Promoting native tree seed in land rehabilitation in Hong Kong, China. In: Elliott S, Kerby J, Blakesley D, Hardwick K, Woods K, Anusarnsunthorn V (eds) Forest restoration for wildlife conservation. Forest restoration research unit. Chiang Mai University and International Tropical Timbers Organisation, Chiang Mai, pp 109–120
Hau CH (1997) Tree seed predation in degraded hillsides in Hong Kong. Forest Ecol Manage 99:215–221
Hobbs RJ, Morton S (1999) Moving from descriptive to predictive ecology. Agroforestr Syst 45:43–55
Hobbs RJ, Norton DA (1996) Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restor Ecol 4:93–110
Kanowski J, Catterall CP, Procter H, Reis T, Tucker N, Wardell-Johnson G (2005) Biodiversity values of timber plantations and restoration plantings for rainforest fauna in tropical and subtropical Australia. In: Erskine PD, Lamb D, Bristow M (eds) Reforestation in the tropics and subtropics of Australia using rainforest tree species. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, pp 183–205. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/items/05–087; accessed 20 September 2010
Keenan R, Lamb D, Woldring O, Irvine T, Jensen R (1997) Restoration of plant diversity beneath tropical tree plantations in northern Australia. Forest Ecol Manage 99:117–132
Knowles OH, Parrotta JA (1995) Amazon forest restoration: an innovative system for native Âspecies selection based on phonological data and field performance indices. Commonw Forest Rev 74:230–243
Koch JM (2007a) Alcoa’s mining and restoration process in south Western Australia. Restor Ecol 15:S11–S16
Koch JM (2007b) Restoring a Jarrah understorey vegetation after bauxite mining in Western Australia. Restor Ecol 15:S26–S39
Koch JM, Hobbs RJ (2007) Synthesis: is Alcoa successfully restoring a Jarrah forest ecosystem after bauxite mining in Western Australia? Restor Ecol 15:S137–S144
Kuusipalo J, Adjers G, Jafarsidik Y, Otsamo A, Tuomela K, Vuokko R (1995) Restoration of natural vegetation in degraded Imperata cyclindrica grassland: understorey development in forest plantations. J Veg Sci 6:205–210
Lamb D, Parrotta J, Keenan R, Tucker N (1997) Rejoining habitat remnants: restoring degraded rainforest lands. In: Laurance WF, Bierregaard RO (eds) Tropical forest remnants: ecology. Management and Conservation of Fragmented Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 366–385
Lee DK, Suh SJ (2005) Forest restoration and rehabilitation in Republic of Korea. In: Stanturf JA, Madsen P (eds) Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 383–396
Lehmann L (2002) Direct sowing as an alternative technique for afforestation. Nam Ngum Watershed Management and Conservation Project, Laos PDR
Mansourian S, Vallauri D, Dudley N (2005) Forest restoration in landscapes: beyond planting trees. Springer, New York
MARD (2001) Five million hectare reforestation program partnership: synthesis report. International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi
McNamara S, Tinh DV, Erskine PD, Lamb D, Yates D, Brown S (2006) Rehabilitating degraded forest land in central Vietnam with mixed native species plantings. Forest Ecol Manage 233:358–365
Mergen F, Abbott HG, Mann WF, Moulds FR, Nordmeyer AH, Scott JD, Vietmeyer ND (1981) Sowing forests from the air. National Academy Press, Washington
Nicholson B (1996) Tai Po Kau nature reserve, new territories, Hong Kong: a reafforestation history. Asian J Environ Manage 4:103–119
Nuttle T, Hobbs RJ, Temperton V, Halle S (2004) Assembly rules and ecosystem restoration: where to from here? In: Temperton V, Hobbs RJ, Nuttle T, Halle S (eds) Assembly rules and restoration ecology: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Island Press, Washington, pp 410–422
Otsamo R (2000a) Secondary forest regeneration under fast-growing forest plantations on degraded Imperata cylindrica grasslands. New Forests 19:69–93
Otsamo R (2000b) Early development of three planted indigenous tree species and natural understorey vegetation in artificial gaps in an Acacia mangium stand on an Imperata cylindrica grassland site in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. New Forests 19:51–68
Parrotta J, Turnbull JM, Jones N (1997) Catalysing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. Forest Ecol Manage 99:1–7
Parrotta JA, Knowles OH (1999) Restoration of tropical moist forest on bauxite-mined land in the Brazilian Amazon. Restor Ecol 7:103–116
Parrotta JA, Knowles OH (2001) Restoring tropical forest on lands mined for bauxite: examples from the Brazilian Amazon. Ecol Engi 17:219–239
Rodrigues RR, Lima R, Gandolfi S, Nave AG (2009) On the restoration of high diversity forests: 30 years of experience in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biol Conserv 142:1242–1251
Sampaio AB, Holl KB, Scariot A (2007) Does restoration enhance regeneration of seasonally deciduous forests in pastures in central Brazil? Restor Ecol 15:462–471
SER (2004) The SER international primer on ecological restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration International, Tucson
Sun D, Dickinson GR, Bragg AL (1995) Direct seeding of Alphitonia petrie (Rhamnaceae) for gulley revegetation in tropical northern Australia. Forest Ecol Manage 73:249–257
Temperton V, Hobbs RJ (2004) The search for ecological assembly rules and its relevance to restoration ecology. In: Temperton V, Hobbs RJ, Nuttle T, Halle S (eds) Assembly rules and restoration ecology: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Island Press, Washington, pp 34–54
Temperton V, Hobbs RJ, Nuttle T, Halle S (2004) Assembly rules and restoration ecology. Island Press, Washington
Tucker N (2000) Wildlife colonisation on restored tropical lands: what can it do, how can we hasten it and what can we expect? In: Elliott C, Kerby J, Blakesley D, Hardwick K, Woods K, Anusarnsunthorn V (eds) Forest restoration for wildlife conservation. international tropical timbers organisation and forest restoration research unit. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, pp 279–295
Tucker N, Murphy TM (1997) The effects of ecological rehabilitation on vegetation recruitment: some observations from the Wet Tropics of North Queensland. Forest Ecol Manage 99:133–152
Tucker N, Wardell-Johnson G, Catterall CP, Kanowski J (2004) Agroforestry and biodiversity: improving conservation outcomes in tropical northeast Australia. In: Schroth G, da Fonseca GAB, Harvey CA, Gascon C, Vasconcelas HL, Izac A-M (eds) Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, pp 431–452
Viera DLM, Scariot A (2006) Principles of natural regeneration of tropical dry forest for restoration. Restor Ecol 14:11–20
Vize S, Killin D, Sexton G (2005) The community rainforest reforestation program and other farm forestry programs based around the utilization of rainforest and tropical species. In: Erskine PD, Lamb D, Bristow M (eds) Reforestation in the tropics and subtropics of Australia using rainforest tree species. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, pp 7–22. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/items/05–087; accessed 20 September 2010
Wardell-Johnson G, Kanowski J, Catterall CP, McKenna S, Piper S, Lamb D (2005) Rainforest timber plantations and the restoration of plant diversity in tropical and subtropical Australia In: Erskine P, Lamb D, Bristow M (eds) Reforestation in the tropics and subtropics of Australia using rainforest tree species. Rural Industries research and development Corporation, Canberra, pp 162–182. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/items/05–087
Webb LJ, Tracey GT, Williams WT (1972) Regeneration and pattern in the subtropical rainforest. J Ecol 60:675–695
Weiher E, Keddy P (1999) Ecological assembly rules: perspectives, advances, retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
White E, Tucker N, Meyers N, Wilson J (2004) Seed dispersal to revegetated isolated rainforest patches in north Queensland. Forest Ecol Manage 192:409–426
Woods K, Elliott S (2004) Direct seeding for forest restoration on abandoned agricultural land in northern Thailand. J Trop Forest Sci 16:248–259
Wuethrich B (2007) Reconstructing Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest. Science 315:1070–1072
Zhuang X (1997) Rehabilitation and development of forest on degraded hills of Hong Kong. Forest Ecol Manage 99:197–201
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lamb, D. (2011). Ecological Restoration. In: Regreening the Bare Hills. World Forests, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9870-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9870-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9869-6
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9870-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)