Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Social Indicators Research Series ((SINS,volume 43))

Abstract

Management of parks and outdoor recreation is a specific form of the broad field of environmental management . Emerging concepts in environmental management include ecosystem management , sustainability, adaptive management, and indicators and standards. Management of parks and outdoor recreation was an early adopter of all of these concepts, particularly indicators and standards.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agee, J., & Johnson, D. (1987). Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, G., & Siebert, F. (1916). Gases found in coal mines. Miners circular 14. Washington, DC: Bureau of Mines, US Department of Interior.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N., Bartuska, A., Brown, J., Carpenter, S., D’Antonio, C., Francis, R., et al. (1996). Report of the ecological society of America committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 6, 665–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clements, F. (1920). Plant indicators. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Sustainable Development. (2001). Indicators of sustainable development: Guidelines and methodologies. New York: United National Division for Sustainable Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Force, J., & Machlis, G. (1997). The human ecosystem, Part II: Social indicators in ecosystem management. Society and Natural Resources, 10, 360–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graefe, A., Kuss, F., & Vaske, J. (1990). Visitor impact management: The planning framework. Washington, DC: National Parks and Conservation Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grumbine, R. (1994). What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology, 8, 27–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammitt, W., & Cole, D. (1998). Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heberlein, T. (1977). Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacities. Proceedings: River Recreation Management and Research Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, NC-28, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. (1978). Adaptive environmental assessment and management. London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. M. (1965). Structural characteristics of norms. In I. D. Steiner, & M. F. Fishbein (eds.), Current studies in social psychology (301–309). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. (1993). Compass and gyroscope: Integrating science and politics for the environment. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. (1999). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction (2nd ed). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. (2001). Visitor experience and resource protection: A framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19, 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. (2004). Recreation planning frameworks. Society and natural resources: A summary of knowledge (83–93). Jefferson, MO: Modern Litho.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. (2007). Parks and carrying capacity: Commons without tragedy. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. (2009). Parks and people: Managing outdoor recreation at Acadia National Park. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R., & Freimund, W. (2004). Use of visual research methods to measure standards of quality for parks and outdoor recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(4), 552–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R., & Lawson, S. (2002). Carrying capacity as “informed judgment”: The values of science and the science of values. Environmental Management, 30, 157–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R., Lime, D., Freimund, W., & Pitt, D. (1996). Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences, 18, 39–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, D., Hyatt, D., & McDonald, V. (1992). Ecological indicators (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Elsevier Applied Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, M. (1986). Bird populations as indicators of environmental change. Current Ornithology. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Park Service. (1995). VERP implementation for Arches National Park. Denver, CO: US National Park Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Park Service. (1997). VERP: The visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) framework—A handbook for planners and managers. Denver, CO: Denver Service Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (2000). Ecological indicators for the nation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemi, G., & McDonald, M. (2004). Application of ecological indicators. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35, 89–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H. (1936). Southern regions of the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J., & Donnelly, M. (1996). Norms, standards and natural resources. Leisure Sciences, 18, 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Society of American Foresters. (1993). Sustaining long-term forest health and productivity. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankey, G., Clark, R., & Bormann, B. (2005). Adaptive management of natural resources: Theory, concepts, and management institutions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PNW-GTR–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankey, G., Cole, D., Lucas, R., Peterson, M., Frissell, S., & Washburne, R. (1985). The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, INT–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). A SAB report: A framework for assessing and reporting on ecological conditions. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaske, J., Graefe, A., Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method, and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaske, J., Donnelly, M., & Shelby, B. (1992). Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach. Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management – A workshop proceedings. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PNW-305, 23–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaske, J., Donnelly, M., & Shelby, B. (1993). Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach. Environmental Management, 17, 629–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. (1986). Adaptive management of renewable natural resources. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our common future. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert E. Manning .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manning, R.E. (2011). Indicators and Standards in Parks and Outdoor Recreation. In: Budruk, M., Phillips, R. (eds) Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 43. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9861-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics