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Biodegradation of Organic Xenobiotic Pollutants in the Rhizosphere

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Organic Xenobiotics and Plants

Part of the book series: Plant Ecophysiology ((KLEC,volume 8))

Abstract

Soil contamination by xenobiotic organic compounds is a serious problem in most industrialized countries, causing acute and diffuse contamination of soil and waters on a global scale. Microbial transformation plays a major role in contaminant degradation of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, microbial degradation can be limited by factors such as contaminant ­bioavailability, - ­adsorption and mass transfer, while combined plant-microbial systems can overcome these drawbacks, leading to more efficient contaminant degradation at the soil-root interface or rhizosphere. Hypotheses that support improved degradation within the rhizosphere compared to nonvegetated soils include (i) increase in microbial density, diversity and/or metabolic activity, (ii) catabolic enzyme induction, (iii) co-metabolism of contaminants with similar structures to rhizodeposits, (iv) improved contaminant bioavailability, and (v), selective increase in the number and activity of pollutant degraders. Root exudates or rhizodeposits not only provide a nutrient-rich habitat for microorganisms but can potentially enhance biodegradation of xenobiotics in different ways: they may facilitate the co-metabolic transformation of pollutants with similar structures, induce genes encoding enzymes involved in the degradation process, increase contaminant bioavailability, and/or selectively increase the number and activity of pollutant degraders in the rhizosphere. The combination of microbial bioremediation and phytoremediation in this complementary manner is known as rhizoremediation, phytostimulation or rhizosphere bioremediation. Bacteria, fungi and mycorrhizal fungi are a major component of the rhizosphere and form mutualistic associations with most plant species and their involvement in the biotransformation and biodegradation of various xenobiotic organic compounds is discussed. The diversity of bacterial and fungal genes and degradation pathways expressed in the rhizosphere is potentially huge, and the ways in which plants and associated symbionts enhance biodegradation remains much unexplored. Although a wide range of microbes able to degrade highly stable, toxic organic compounds such as polycyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbons have been discovered, the environmental pollution caused by these compounds remains an unsolved problem.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Applied Research (affiliated with University of Haifa), The Galilee Society, Shefa Amr, 20200, Israel

    Hassan Azaizeh

  2. Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal

    Paula M. L. Castro

  3. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Avda. de Vigo s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Petra Kidd

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  1. Hassan Azaizeh
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  2. Paula M. L. Castro
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  3. Petra Kidd
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Correspondence to Hassan Azaizeh .

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  1. Inst. Biochem. Pflanzenphys., GSF-Forschungszentrum, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Oberschleißheim, 85764, Germany

    Peter Schröder

  2. School of Human and Environmental Scienc, Department of Soil Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, United Kingdom

    Christopher D. Collins

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Azaizeh, H., Castro, P.M.L., Kidd, P. (2011). Biodegradation of Organic Xenobiotic Pollutants in the Rhizosphere. In: Schröder, P., Collins, C. (eds) Organic Xenobiotics and Plants. Plant Ecophysiology, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9852-8_9

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