Abstract
This article contemplates the significance of citizenship and national identity in the perpetration of genocide. Beginning with the Holocaust, the author discusses a wide range of genocides, from Cambodia and Rwanda to Armenians and Native Americans, examining how governments deny citizenship and manipulate concepts of national identity to justify mass atrocities.
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Notes
- 1.
Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth, Approaches to Auschwitz : The Holocaust and its Legacy (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), 9.
- 2.
Adolph Hitler , Mein Kampf , trans. James Vincent Murphy (Reedy, West Virginia: Liberty Bell Publications, 2004).
- 3.
Saul Friedlander , The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews , 1939–1945 (New York : HarperCollins, 2007).
- 4.
The ways in which citizens can resist genocidal laws are outlined in Frédéric Mégret, Chapter 13, Section 13.5 (below).
- 5.
Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, Documents on Nazism 1919–1945 (New York : Viking Press, 1974), 463–467.
- 6.
Hitler , Mein Kampf .
- 7.
Noakes and Pridham, “Documents on Nazism ,” 463–467.
- 8.
Ibid.
- 9.
See, for example, Richard Breitman, “Plans for the Final Solution in Early 1941,” German Studies Review 17, no. 3 (1994): 483–493.
- 10.
The main events of the Armenian Genocide are recounted in Douglas Greenberg, Chapter 5 (below); an explanation of the Turkish government ’s stance towards the genocide is provided in Taner Akçam, Chapter 10 (below).
- 11.
Mark Gerzon, Leading Through Conflict: How Successful Leaders Transform Differences Into Opportunities (Watertown, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2006), 29.
- 12.
Norman M. Naimark , Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 33.
- 13.
Historical reasons for the Turkish government ’s stance towards the genocide are addressed in Taner Akçam, Chapter 10 (below).
- 14.
Eric D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 170.
- 15.
Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop and Steven L. Jacobs, Dictionary of Genocide (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), 203.
- 16.
The role played by the radio in the Rwandan Genocide and its impact in African countries is examined in Mary Kimani, Chapter 20, Section 20.2 and 19.3 (below).
- 17.
Mahmoud Mamdani , When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda Princeton, MA: Princeton University Press, 2001).
- 18.
The psychological effects of the Rwandan Genocide and psychological dimension of reconciliation are discussed in Jobb Arnold, Chapter 19 (below).
- 19.
Philip Gourevitch , We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (New York : Picador, 1999).
- 20.
Michael Mann , The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (New York , NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
- 21.
Norman M. Naimark , Fires of Hatred, 2001, 195.
- 22.
The characterization of “out-groups” in situations leading to genocide is discussed in Yehuda Bauer, Chapter 7, Section 7.2 (below).
- 23.
Christopher R. Browning and Jürgen Matthäus, The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 13.
- 24.
The psychological dimension of the reconciliation process is discussed in Jobb Arnold, Chapter 19 (below).
- 25.
Arjun Appadurai , Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).
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Greenberg, D. (2011). Citizenship, National Identity, and Genocide. In: Provost, R., Akhavan, P. (eds) Confronting Genocide. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9840-5_5
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