Skip to main content

Patterns, Drivers and Implications of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Demographic Change in Australia's Rural Landscapes

Part of the book series: Landscape Series ((LAEC,volume 12))

Abstract

The movement of people to reside in new locations – a key aspect of demographic change – is a phenomenon Australia shares with the rest of the world. While most of Australia’s population lives in an urban environment, the dimensions of demographic change are more complex than a steady leakage of rural people to the cities. There is a simultaneous migration of rural people to other rural and regional areas, and urban people to new coastal, rural and regional areas to fulfil the apparent opportunities of a better life. In many respects, the appeal and limitation of rural areas is temporally, socially and spatially specific. This chapter provides an overview of the principal patterns, drivers and implications of demographic change for rural communities and landscapes. While drawing on international experiences, this chapter is framed by the Australian context and outlines the more substantive discussion that follows in subsequent chapters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ABARE:

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics

ABS:

Australian Bureau of Statistics

CSIRO:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

LGA:

Local Government Area

NRM:

Natural Resource Management

NIPF:

Non-industrial Private Forests

References

  • Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) (2009) Factors affecting Australian agricultural exports: issues and insights. ABARE report 09.5, Canberra, ACT

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston M (2004) “You don’t want to be a check-out chick all your life”: the out-migration of young people from Australia’s rural towns. Aust J Soc Issues 39:299–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2000) Changing patterns in the urbanised countryside of Western Europe. Landsc Ecol 15:257–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2002) Rural-urban conflicts and opportunities. In Jongman R (ed) New dimensions of the European landscape. Wageningen University Research Frontis Series, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2004) Landscape change and the urbanisation process in Europe. Landsc Urban Plan 67:9–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landsc Urban Plan 70:21–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2006) Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia? Landsc Urban Plan 75:187–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argent N, Rolley F (2000) Lopping the branches: bank branch closure and rural Australian communities. In Pritchard B, McManus P (eds) Land of discontent: the dynamics of change in rural and regional Australia. UNSW Press, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Argent N, Smailes P, Griffin T (2007) The amenity complex: towards a framework for analysing and predicting the emergence of a multifunctional countryside in Australia. Geogr Res 45:217–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2006) Community profile series Cat. No. 2003.0–2006 time series profile. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2008) Regional population growth – Australia 2006–07. ABS report 3218.0, Canberra, ACT

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr N (2008) The social landscapes of rural Victoria. In Pettit C, Cartwright W, Bishop I et al (eds) Landscape analysis and visualisation: spatial models for natural resource management and planning. Springer, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr N (2009) The house on the hill: the transformation of Australia’s farming communities. Land and Water Australia, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Beale CL (1964) Rural depopulation in the United States: some demographic consequences of agricultural adjustments. Demography 1:264–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Beale CL (1976) A further look at nonmetropolitan population growth since 1970. Am J Agric Econ 58:953–958

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekessy S, Budge T, Buxton M, et al (2006) Change and continuity in peri-urban Australia: monograph 1. State of the peri-urban regions: a review of the literature. Report to Land and Water Australia, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry BJL (1976) The counterurbanization process: urban America since 1970. Urban Affairs Ann Rev 11:17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Boody G, Vondracek B, Andow DA, et al (2005) Multifunctional agriculture in the United States. Bioscience 55:27–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruening MH, Maddern GJ (1998) A profile of rural surgeons in Australia. Med J Aust 169:324–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Meteorology (2003) Mean monthly and mean annual rainfall data (base climatological data sets). Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnley IH, Murphy PA (2004) Sea change: movement from metropolitan to Arcadian Australia. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion AG (1981) Population trends in rural Britain. Popul Trends 26:20–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello L (2007) Going bush: the implications of urban-rural migration. Geogr Res 45:85–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromartie JB (1998) Net migration in the great plains increasingly linked to natural amenities and suburbanization. Rural Dev Perspec 13:27–34

    Google Scholar 

  • CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (2007) Climate change in Australia: technical report 2007. CSIRO, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis A, Robertson A (2003) Understanding landholder management of river frontages: the Goulburn Broken. Ecol Manage Restor 4:45–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis A, Cooke P, McDonald S, et al (2006) Corangamite region social benchmarking survey 2006. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report #30, Albury

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean K (1986) Counterurbanisation continues in Brittany. Geography 71:151–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson DL, Ryan RL, De Young R (2002) Woodlots in the rural landscape: landowner motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case study. Landsc Urban Plan 58:101–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Europa (2005) Activities of the European Union – agriculture. Gateway to the European Union, http://www.eurpoa.eu

  • Field NC (1963) Land hunger and the rural depopulation problem in the USSR. Annals Assoc Am Geogr 53:465–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding AJ (1989) Migration and urbanization in western Europe since 1950. Geogr J 155:60–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heathcote RL, Williams M (1977) Technological success, urban growth, and rural depopulation: the mallee of South Australia. Econ Geogr 53:385–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes J (2008) Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: interpreting regional dynamics in landscapes, lifestyles and livelihoods. Landsc Res 33:211–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes J, Charles-Edwards E, Bell M (2005) Population dynamics in rural and remote Queensland. Queensland centre for population research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugo G (1986) Australia’s changing population: trends and implications. Oxford University Press, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugo G (2002) Regional Australian populations: diversity, dynamism and dichotomy. Paper presented at the academy of the social sciences session on rural communities at the Outlook 2002 conference, Canberra 5–7 March, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugo G, Bell M (1998) The hypothesis of welfare-led migration to rural areas: the Australian case. In Boyle P, Halfacree K (eds) Migration into rural areas: theories and issues. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingwell R (2006) Climate change in Australia: agricultural impacts and adaptation. Australasian Agribusiness Review, Paper 1, vol 14, p 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd R, Harding A, Hellwig O (2000) Regional divide? A study of income inequality in regional Australia. Online discussion paper DP51, NATSEM – University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockie S (2000) Crisis and conflict: shifting discourses of rural and regional Australia. In McManus P, Pritchard B (eds) Land of discontent: the dynamics of change in rural and regional Australia. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Löffler R, Steinicke E (2006) Counterurbanization and its socioeconomic effects in high mountain areas of the Sierra Nevada (California/Nevada). Mt Res Dev 26:64–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longstaff GB (1893) Rural depopulation. J Roy Stat Soc 56:380–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maestas JD, Knight RL, Gilgert WC (2003) Biodiversity across a rural land-use gradient. Conserv Biol 17:1425–1434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGranahan DA (1998) Can manufacturing reverse rural great plains depopulation? Rural Dev Perspec 13:35–45

    Google Scholar 

  • McGranahan DA (1999) Natural amenities drive rural population change. Food and rural economics division, US Department of agriculture, agricultural economic report no. 781

    Google Scholar 

  • McGranahan DA, Beale CL (2002) Understanding rural population loss. Rural Am 17:2–11

    Google Scholar 

  • McHenry JA (2009) A place for the arts in rural revitalisation and the social wellbeing of Australian rural communities. Rural Soc 19:60–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McManus, P, Pritchard B (eds) (2000) Land of discontent: the dynamics of change in rural and regional Australia. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Millward H (2005) Rural population change in Nova Scotia, 1991–2001: bivariate and multivariate analysis of key drivers. Can Geogr 49:180–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CJA (2004) Making sense of counterurbanization. J Rural Stud 20:15–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman P (2005) The city and the bush – partnerships to reverse the population decline in Australia’s wheatbelt. Aust J Agric Res 56:527–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallot J (1990) Rural depopulation and the restoration of the Russian village under Gorbachev. Soviet Stud 42:655–674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry R, Dean K, Brown B (1986) Counterurbanization: case studies of urban to rural movements. GeoBooks, Norwich

    Google Scholar 

  • Race D, Curtis A, Birckhead J, et al (2007) Understanding the social context of land-use in the Boorowa catchment: lessons for measuring and managing the social implications of changes in rural land-use. DPI Report #3, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, NSW

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasker R, Hansen A (2000) Natural amenities and population growth in the Greater Yellowstone Region. Res Hum Ecol 7:30–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Salt B (2003) The big shift: welcome to the third Australian culture. Hardie Grant Books, South Yarra

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan G (2004) Is arcadia under attack? Cultural landscapes and tree plantations in Tasmania. Aust Planner 41:55–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smailes P, Hugo G (1985) A process view of the population turnaround: an Australian rural case study. J Rural Stud 11:31–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smailes PJ, Argent N, Griffin TLC (2002) Rural population density: its impact on social and demographic aspects of rural communities. J Rural Stud 18:385–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith T, Doherty M (2006) The suburbanisation of coastal Australia. Paper prepared for the 2006 Australia State of the Environment Committee, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, ACT

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen AD (1993) The future of the country town: strategies for local economic development. In Sorensen AD, Epps R (eds) Prospects and policies for rural Australia. Longman Cheshire, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Stabler J (1985) Non-metropolitan population growth and the evolution of rural service centres in the Canadian prairie region. Region Stud 21:43–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale A, Findlay A, Short D (2000) The repopulation of rural Scotland: opportunity and threat. J Rural Stud 16:243–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonts M (1996) Economic restructuring and small town adjustment: evidence from the Western Australian central wheatbelt. Rural Soc 6:24–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonts M, Atherley K (2005) Rural restructuring and the changing geography of competitive sport. Aust Geogr 36:125–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonts M, Greive S (2002) Commodification and creative destruction in the Australian rural landscape: the case of Bridgetown, Western Australia. Aust Geogr Stud 40:58–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2008) World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision. United Nations, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley DJ, Epps WR, Duncan CJ (1995) The New South Wales north coast 1986–1991: who moved where and with what effect? Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson JW (1947) Rural depopulation in southwestern Ontario. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 37:145–154

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Simon McDonald (Spatial Data Analysis Network), Charles Sturt University, for his assistance in data collation, and are grateful to Professor Jim Walmsley, University of New England, for his valuable comments on an earlier version of this chapter. GWL’s contribution to this chapter was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant (DP0770261).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Digby Race .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Race, D., Luck, G.W., Black, R. (2010). Patterns, Drivers and Implications of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes. In: Luck, G., Black, R., Race, D. (eds) Demographic Change in Australia's Rural Landscapes. Landscape Series, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9654-8_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics